Cardiac Conditions from mind map

Question 1

What is a mural thrombus?

Answer 1

an organizing blood clot attached to the wall of a blood vessel or the endocardium of the heart.

It is composed of platelets, fibrin, and trapped red and white blood cells

(endocardial condition)

Question 2

What is the normal cause of infective endocarditis and therefore what is a good way to investigate.

Answer 2

Bacteria entering the blood stream and getting into the heart

Blood cultures (bacteria grow on cultures)

Question 3

What are the 3 main categories of cardiomyopathy?

Answer 3

hypertrophic CM
Arrhythmogenic RV CM
Dilated CM

Question 4

cardiomyopathy:

describe ARVC

Answer 4

fatty fibrous tissue replaces normal heart muscle. This interrupts normal electrical signals in the heart and may cause irregular and potentially life-threatening heart rhythms.

Question 5

describe hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Answer 5

a disease in which the heart muscle becomes abnormally thick (hypertrophied). The thickened heart muscle can make it harder for the heart to pump blood

most often caused by abnormal genes in the heart muscle. These genes cause the walls of the heart chamber (left ventricle) to contract harder and become thicker than normal - the thicker wall becomes stiff

Question 6

describe dilated CM

Answer 6

Dilated cardiomyopathy is a disease of the heart muscle, usually starting in your heart’s main pumping chamber (left ventricle). The ventricle stretches and thins (dilates) and can’t pump blood as well as a healthy heart can

The most common causes of dilated cardiomyopathy are: Heart disease caused by a narrowing or blockage in the coronary arteries. Poorly controlled high blood pressure.

often idiopathic

Question 7

what is restrictive CM

Answer 7

a form of cardiomyopathy in which the walls of the heart are rigid (but not thickened). Thus the heart is restricted from stretching and filling with blood properly

Known causes include: Build-up of scar tissue (idiopathic is the most common cause) Build-up of abnormal proteins (amyloidosis) in the heart muscle

Question 8

what is inflammatory cardiomyopathy

Answer 8

inflammation of the heart muscle associated with impaired function of the myocardium. In our region, its etiology is most often viral

Question 9

what is cardiac tamponade

Answer 9

Cardiac tamponade is pressure on the heart that occurs when blood or fluid builds up in the pericardial sack

This places extreme pressure on your heart. The pressure prevents the heart’s ventricles from expanding fully and keeps your heart from functioning properly.

Question 10

Haemopericardium

Answer 10

refers to the presence of blood within the pericardial cavity, i.e. a sanguineous pericardial effusion. If enough blood enters the pericardial cavity, then a potentially fatal cardiac tamponade can occur.

Question 11

define effusion

Answer 11

the accumulation of fluid in an anatomical space

Question 12

what is acute pericarditis

Answer 12

Acute pericarditis is inflammation of the pericardium that begins suddenly, is often painful, and causes fluid and blood components such as fibrin, red blood cells, and white blood cells to enter the pericardial space.

Question 13

define the cardiac state of arrhythmia

Answer 13

Heart rhythm problems (heart arrhythmias) occur when the electrical impulses that coordinate your heartbeats don’t work properly, causing your heart to beat too fast, too slow or irregularly.

Question 14

what is heart failure

Answer 14

occurs when your heart muscle doesn’t pump blood as well as it should.
Certain conditions, such as coronary artery disease or hypertension, gradually leave your heart too weak or stiff to fill and pump efficiently.

Question 15

what are the 4 manifestations of valvular heart disease

Answer 15

Aortic stenosis
aortic regurgitation
mitral stenosis
mitral regurgitation

Question 16

define aortic regurgitation and describe the issue

Answer 16

leakage of blood into the LV during diastole

weakening/ kind of widening of the valve

Question 17

define aortic stenosis and describe the issue

Answer 17

the narrowing of the exit of the left ventricle of the heart (where the aorta begins)

leads to LV function decrease (LV function initially maintained by compensatory pressure hypertrophy, but eventually compensatory mechanism exhaust and LV function decrease)

most commonly caused by age-related progressive calcification of valve

Question 18

define mitral stenosis and describe the issue

Answer 18

a narrowing of the mitral valve opening that blocks (obstructs) blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle

main cause = an infection called rheumatic fever, which is related to strep infections

Question 19

define mitral regurgitation and describe the issue

Answer 19

mitral incompetence - mitral valve doesn’t close tightly, allowing blood to flow backward into LA

mitral valve becoming too floppy (mitral valve prolapse) the ring of muscle around the valve becoming too wide.