Cardiac Assessment Flashcards
Electrocardiography is used to diagnose?
dysrhythmias, MI, electrolyte disturbances
What are the layers of the heart?
Endocardium (inner layer), Myocardium (middle muscular layer), Epicardium (outer layer).
What are the four chambers of the heart?
Right Atrium, Right Ventricle, Left Atrium, Left Ventricle.
What is the pressure measure of the Right Atrium?
0-8 mmHg, used to measure fluid overload in patients.
What are the Atrioventricular (AV) valves?
Tricuspid (right) and Mitral/Bicuspid (left) valves.
What are the semilunar valves?
Pulmonary and Aortic valves.
What is the function of coronary circulation?
Supplies oxygenated blood to the myocardium.
What are the key components of the cardiac conduction system?
Sinoatrial (SA) Node, Atrioventricular (AV) Node, Bundle of His, Right & Left Bundle Branches, Purkinje Fibers.
What occurs during depolarization in cardiac action potential?
Sodium (Na⁺) enters, Potassium (K⁺) exits, activating muscle fibers (systole).
What occurs during repolarization in cardiac action potential?
Potassium re-enters, Sodium exits, heart is at rest (diastole).
What is stroke volume (SV)?
Blood ejected per heartbeat.
What is cardiac output (CO)?
Blood pumped per minute, normal is 4-6 L/min.
What is preload?
Ventricular stretch at the end of diastole.
What is afterload?
Resistance to blood ejection; pressure the heart needs to overcome to eject blood.
What is ejection fraction (EF)?
% of end-diastolic volume ejected per beat, normal is 55-65%.
What are age-related changes in the heart?
Increased atrial size, left ventricle hypertrophy, valve calcification, and conduction system fibrosis.
What is included in health history assessment?
Chief complaint, history of present illness, past medical & surgical history, family history, social history, medications, nutrition & allergies.
What does a physical assessment include?
General appearance, skin & extremities, blood pressure, arterial pulses, jugular venous pulsations, heart inspection & auscultation.
What are common clinical manifestations of cardiovascular issues?
Chest pain, dyspnea, peripheral edema, palpitations, fatigue, dizziness, syncope.
What factors are assessed in chest pain assessment?
Pain scale, location, quality, duration, associated symptoms.
What are cardiac biomarkers?
Creatinine Kinase (CK), Myoglobin, Troponins (T & I) for heart damage.
What does a lipid profile measure?
Cholesterol levels (HDL, LDL).
What does BNP indicate?
Used to diagnose congestive heart failure (CHF); >100 indicates more fluid.
What does a chest X-ray evaluate?
Heart size, shape, lung congestion, position, contour, and calcification.
