Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

pathophysiology 3801 > cardiac arrhythmias > Flashcards

cardiac arrhythmias Flashcards

1
Q

what does the P wave of an ECG represent

A

atrial depolarization - initiates contraction of the atrial vasculature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what does the QR portion of an ECG represent

A

ventricular depolarization - conduction electrical impulses into the ventricles bypassing the av - His purkinje system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what does the T wave of an ECG represent

A

ventricular repolarization - cell experiences an efflux of K+ ions along its electrochemical gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the normal heart rate

A

60-100 bpm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

a normal sinus rhythm on an ECG will show one __ wave preceding each QRS

A

P

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

_____ is some of the most distressing types of heart malfunctions. occurs because of abnormal rhythm of the heart i.e. lack of coordination between the beat of the atria and the ventricles

A

cardiac arrhythmia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what causes cardiac arrhythmias

A
  • abnormal rhythmicity of the pacemaker
  • shift of the pacemaker from the sinus node to another place in the heart
  • blocks at different points in the spread of the impulse through the heart (e.g ischemia)
    -abnormal pathways of impulse transmission through the heart
  • spurious impulses in any part of the heart
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

_____ means fast heart rate; usually > 100 bpm in an adult

A

tachycardia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what causes tachycardia

A
  • increase in body temp
  • stimulants (drugs, caffeine, alcohol)
  • stimulation of the heart by the sympathetic nerves
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

______ means slow heart rate; usually < 60 bpm

A

bradycardia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

in bradycardia is the R-R interval longer or shorter

A

longer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what causes bradycardia

A
  • athletes due to increased endurance
  • beta blockers
  • vagal stimulation (carotid sinus syndrome)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

______ is the impulse from the sinus node is blocked before it enters the atrial muscle. the ventricles spontaneously pick up a new rhythm (av node), therefore the rate is slowed but not otherwise altered

A

sinoatrial block

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are some causes of AV block

A
  • ischemia of the AV node/bundle ~ coronary insufficiency
  • compression of the AV bundle ~ scar tissue/calcification
  • inflammation of the AV node/bundle ~ fevers
  • extreme stimulation of the heart by the vagus nerves ~ carotid sinus syndrome
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

a type of reflex syncope or near-syncope with symptoms (eg, syncope (fainting), lightheadedness) caused by CSH (carotid sinus hypersensitivity) manifesting during activities of daily life that put pressure on the carotid sinus (eg, turning the neck, looking upward).

A

carotid sinus syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

____ occurs when the P-R or P-Q interval increases to >0.20 seconds

A

first degree block

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the normal length of a P-Q interval

A

0.16 seconds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

______ occurs when conduction through the A-V bundle is slowed enough to increase the P-R interval to 0.25-0.45 seconds. can often have a “dropped” or missing ventricular beat

A

second degree block

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

_____ occurs when the condition causing poor conduction in the AV node or AV bundle becomes severe. dissociated P and QRS-T complexes. rhythm of atria is >100 bpm, and ventricular beat is <40 bpm

A

third degree (complete) block

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

_____ occurs when the sinus node fails to produce an impulse. another focus in the heart takes over the duty to produce a rhythym

A

escape rhythym

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

_____ occurs when the sinus node fails to produce an impulse. another focus in the heart takes over the duty to produce a rhythym

A

escape rhythym

20
Q

_____ occurs when the sinus node fails to produce an impulse. another focus in the heart takes over the duty to produce a rhythym

A

escape rhythym

20
Q

_____ occurs when the sinus node fails to produce an impulse. another focus in the heart takes over the duty to produce a rhythym

A

escape rhythym

21
Q

what are the two types of escape rhythms

A

junctional escape and ventricular escape

22
Q

this rhythm originates in the AV node (Rate of 40-60 bpm)

A

junctional escape

23
Q

______ occurs when AV total block comes and goes. impulses are conducted from the atria into the ventricles for a period of time and then suddenly impulse are not conducted. the duration of the block may be a few seconds to a week or longer before conduction returns. occurs in hearts with borderline ischemia of the conductive system

A

stokes-adams syndrome

23
Q

this rhythm originates in the purkinje fibres (rate of 15-40 bpm with an abnormally wide QRS)

A

ventricular escape

24
Q

______ is a block in the peripheral ventricular purkinje system. usually caused by tachycardia, ischemia, digitalis myocarditis. every second beat is a different altitude

A

electrical alternans: incomplete atrioventricular block

25
Q

______ is a contraction of the heart before the time that normal contraction would have been expected. AKA ectopic beat

A

premature contractions

26
Q

what causes premature contractions/ectopic beats

A
  • local areas of ischemia
  • small calcified plaques
  • infection, drugs nicotine, caffeine
  • mechanical stimulation (cardiac catherterization)
27
Q

_____ has a shortened P-R interval; this is the origin of ectopic foci

A

premature atrial contractions

28
Q

are abnormal pacemaker sites within the heart (outside of the SA node) that display automaticity.

A

ectopic foci

29
Q

_____ has a superimposed P wave onto QRS-T complex

A

AV node/bundle premature contractions

30
Q

_____ has prolonged QRS, high voltage QRS and an inverted T wave

A

premature ventricular contractions

31
Q

_____ is a premature beat, a pause, and then another beat with a long QT interval. it may trigger arrhythmias, tachycardia and in some instances ventricular fibrillation

A

torsades de pointes

32
Q

______ is a disorder of cardiac depolarization caused by prolonged ventricular action potentials. high risk for torsades de pointes

A

long QT syndrome (LQTS)

33
Q

what causes LQTS

A
  • congenital: mutations in Na+/K+ channel genes
  • electrolytes: hypomagnesemia, hypokalemia and hypocalcemia
    -drugs: anti arrhythmic (quinidine) and antibiotics (fluoroquinolone and erythromycin)
34
Q

what are the symptoms of LQTS

A
  • fainting
    -ventricular arrhythmias
  • fibrillations and sudden death
    *some may not even show any symptoms
35
Q

how is acute LQTS treated

A

magnesium sulfate

36
Q

how is long term LQTS treated

A

beta blockers and cardiac defibrillator

37
Q

______ is abnormalities in the atria, purkinje system, or ventricles, that can cause rapid rhythmical discharge of impulses that spread in all directions throughout the heart. most frequently caused by “circus movement”. because of the rapid rhythm in the irritable focus, thus focus becomes the pacemaker of the heart

A

paroxysmal tachycardia

38
Q

what are the two reasons ventricular paroxysmal tachycardia is a serious condition

A
  • frequently initiates v-fib
  • does not occur unless considerable ischmic damage is present in the ventricles
39
Q

what causes ventricular paroxysmal tachycardia

A

digitalis intoxication

40
Q

how is ventricular paroxysmal tachycardia treated

A

amiodarone, lidocaine and AED

41
Q

______ is the most serious cardiac arrhythmia (1-3 mins). lack of coordination of muscle contraction, negligible/no blood is pumped, fainting occurs within 4-5 seconds, tissue death begins within mins

A

ventricular fibrillation

42
Q

what triggers v-fib

A
  • sudden electical shock of the heart
  • ischemia of the heart muscle, conducting system or both
42
Q

what triggers v-fib

A
  • sudden electical shock of the heart
  • ischemia of the heart muscle, conducting system or both
43
Q

what are the three conditions leading to re-entry

A
  • the impulse pathway is much longer than normal
  • decreased velocity of impulse conduction
  • shorten refractory period (adrenaline does this)
44
Q

_____ has the same mechanism of v-fib. most common cause is atrial enlargement, valve lesions and ventricular failure

A

atrial fibrillation

45
Q

________ characteristics include: the electrical signal travels as a single large wave always in one direction around and around. causes a rapid rate of contraction of the atria (200-350 bpm). the amount of blood pumped by the atria is slight. not all impulses make it through there AV node

A

atrial flutter

pathophysiology 3801 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions