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Cardiovascular System > Cardiac and Vascular Masses > Flashcards

Cardiac and Vascular Masses Flashcards

1
Q

What is thrombosis?

A

Formation of a blood clot within intact vessels

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2
Q

What are lines of Zahn?

A

Laminations apparent grossly or microscopically - produced by alternating layers of platelets, fibrin, and RBCs

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3
Q

What is Virchow’s Triad in thrombosis?

A
  1. Endothelial Injury
  2. Abnormal Blood Flow
  3. Hypercoagulability
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4
Q

What are examples of abnormal blood flow that can lead to cardiac thrombi?

A
  • Arrhythmia
  • Dilated Cardiomyopathy
  • Myocardial infarction
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5
Q

What is the clinical significance of a thrombus in the left atrium or ventricle?

A
  • Embolization to various organs
  • Decreased cardiac output
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6
Q

What is the clinical significance of a thrombus in the right atrium or right ventricle?

A
  • Embolization to lungs
  • Decreased cardiac output
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7
Q

Define an Embolus

A

Detached intravascular mass carried by blood to site distant from origin

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8
Q

What are different types of emboli?

A
  • Thrombus (most common)
  • Fat
  • Air
  • Amniotic fluid
  • Tumor
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9
Q

Systemic embolism origins

A

Heart: Atrium, ventricle, valve (80%)

Atherosclerotic plaque (abdominal aorta, carotid artery)

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10
Q

What are the common destinations of an embolus?

A

Lower legs (75%)

Brain (10%)

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11
Q

What is a paradoxical embolism?

A

An embolus that travels through a heart defect into systemic circulation

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12
Q

What are the most common tumors found in the heart?

A

Metastatic tumors

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13
Q

What is the most common cardiac tumor (originating in the heart)

A

Myxoma

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14
Q

How do myxomas present?

A

Sessile or pedunculated (ball valve obstruction)

Myxoma cells embedded in abundant ground substance

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15
Q

What is Carney syndrome

A

A clinical manifestation found in 10% of myxomas

  • Multiple cardiac myxomas, spotty pigmentation, endocrine overactivity
  • Familial (Autosomal dominant and recessive)
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16
Q

What is the most common heart tumor in infants/children?

A

Rhabdomyoma

17
Q

What complication is rhabdomyoma associated with?

A

Associated with tuberous sclerosis

18
Q

What is the morphology of a rhabdomyoma?

Gross:

Histology:

A

Gross: Usually multiple, firm white nodules

Histology: Spider cells

19
Q

What are the less common primary neoplasms?

A

Lipomas - often asymptomatic, may cause ball-valve effect or arrhythmias

Papillary fibroelsatomas - form on valves, can embolize

Angiosarcomas

20
Q

What are the benign vascular malformations (neoplasms)?

A

Hemangioma

Lymphangioma

Glomus tumor

Bacillary angiomatosis

21
Q

What are the intermediate grade vascular malformations?

A

Kaposi sarcoma

Hemangioendothelioma

22
Q

What are the malignant vascular malformations?

A

Angiosarcoma

Hemangiopericytoma

23
Q

What are the presentations of the capillary hemangiomas?

A

Juvenile “strawberry” hemangioma - grows for a few months, fade around 2yo and regresses by age 7

Adult “cherry” hemangioma - Does not regress

Pyogenic granulomas - Ulcerate and bleed, seen with pregnancy or trauma

24
Q

What are cavernous hemangiomas

A

Larger, dilated channels in deeper tissue that do not regress

Associated with von Hippel Lindau disease

25
How are hemangiomas classified?
Based on vessel size Capillary vs cavernous type
26
What are the different types of lymphangiomas?
Simple lymphangiomas - small, head/neck/axilla * Cavernous lymphangiomas * neck/axilla of infants or children * poorly circumscribed * Associated with turner syndrome
27
Describe a glomus tumor (glomangioma)
Composed of clomus cells Small, on digits, often under nails Painful, easily cured by exision
28
What benign vascular lesion is associated with a Bartonella infection (secrete HIF-1) in immunocompromised hosts?
Bacillary angiomatosis
29
Kaposi Sarcoma Presentations?
1. Chronic, classic: indolent 2. Lymphadenopathic, African or endemic 3. Transplant - associated KS 4. AIDS - associated KS
30
What virus is found in 95% of KS pathogenisis?
Human Herpes Virus type 8
31
KS disease expression is affected by degree of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
immunosuppression
32
What type of cells are seen in later stages of KS morphology?
Spindle cells
33
Treatment or KS?
* Resection/cryotherapy * Radiation * Chemotherapy
34
What malignant neoplasm of endothelial cells is found in older adults?
Angiosarcoma
35
What are specific associations with angiosarcoma?
Liver and arsenic, throtrast, polyvinyl choloride Arm in patient with lymphedema, most commonly , post mastectomy Post radiation
36
Lymphangiosarcoma is a malignant variation of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
lymphangioma

Cardiovascular System (35 decks)

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