Cardiac Flashcards
2/3s of the heart sits left of the _____ plane.
midsagittal
What is a double – walled fibroserous sac located in the middle mediastinum that surrounds the heart.
Pericardium
Pericardium is composed of 2 layers. What are they?
Fibrous pericardium; Serous pericardium
Fibrous pericardium- external fibrous layer
attached to the central tendon of the diaphragm by the _____ ligament.
pericardiacophrenic
Serous pericardium –_____ which lines the internal surface of the fibrous pericardium and the external surface of he heart and the great vessels
mesothelium
Serous pericardium has 2 layers, what are they?
Parietal layer and Visceral layer
Which layer of the Serous pericardium lines the fibrous
pericardium.
Parietal layer
Visceral layer of the Serous pericardium lines the external surface of
the heart becoming the _____ of the heart. Blood vessels and nerves are found in this layer.
epicardium
Between Parietal and Visceral layers of the Serous pericardium, _____ _____ is found which helps decrease friction with cardiac movement .
serous fluid
This serous - filled area is called the _____ cavity.
pericardial
_____ artery –a branch off the internal
thoracic artery is the main supply for the pericardium. Along with Musculophrenic, bronchial , esophageal and
coronary arteries. (Supplement)
Pericardiacophrenic a.
Which nerve provides sensory innervation to Pericardium?
Phrenic Nerves (and Vagus)
Which nerve provides Vasomotor innervation to Pericardium?
Sympathetic trunk
_____ _____ sinus is found behind the pericardial reflection surrounding the AORTA and the PULMONARY TRUNK.
Transverse pericardial
_____ _____ sinus – located behind the heart between the PULMONARY VEINS. It is bounded by the PERICARDIAL REFLECTION over the PULMONARY VEINS and the VENAE CAVAE; superiorly forms a cul - de- sac .
Oblique pericardial
Sternocostal (anterior) surface of the heart- formed by the
_____ _____.
right ventricle
_____ – formed mostly by the left ventricle; related to the central tendon of the diaphragm.
Diaphragmatic (inferior)
_____ –formed mainly by the left ventricle; occupies the LEFT CARDIAC IMPRESSION (of the left lung).
Pulmonary (left)
What is the right border of the heart? Where does it sit on the lung?
Right atrium; right cardiac impression
What is the left border of the heart? Where does it sit on the lung?
Left ventricle; left cardiac impression
What is the superior border of the heart? It’s only seen in what view?
Both atria and auricles; Anteriorly (Sternum fracture)
What is the inferior border of the heart?
Right ventricle
ANTERIOR VIEW:
pouch at top right that overlaps the aorta .
Right auricle
ANTERIOR VIEW:
separates the atria and ventricles; coronary arteries sit within these sulci.
Coronary sulcus
ANTERIOR VIEW:
between ventricles
Anterior Interventricular Sulcus (AIS)
ANTERIOR VIEW:
most visible ventricle from anterior perspective;
located right of the interventricular sulcus.
Right ventricle
ANTERIOR VIEW:
superior part of the left border of the heart; overlaps
the pulmonary trunk.
Left auricle
ANTERIOR VIEW:
left of the interventricular sulcus.
Left ventricle
ANTERIOR VIEW:
inferolateral portion of the left ventricle; point of maximum pulsation located at the 5th intercostal space, midclavicular line.
Apex of the heart
ANTERIOR VIEW:
on the inferior, anterior aspect right of the apex, where the anterior & posterior interventricular sulci are continuous.
Incisure of the Apex
POSTERIOR VIEW:
top left.
Left atrium
POSTERIOR VIEW:
left of the posterior interventricular
sulcus.
Left ventricle
POSTERIOR VIEW:
division between atria and ventricles.
Coronary sulcus
POSTERIOR VIEW:
located in left coronary sulcus.
Coronary sinus
POSTERIOR VIEW:
between ventricles.
Posterior interventricular sulcus
POSTERIOR VIEW:
top right; venous structures attached here.
Right atrium
POSTERIOR VIEW:
bottom right.
Right ventricle
POSTERIOR VIEW:
extends superiorly to the pulmonary trunk bifurcation from level of the coronary sulcus; formed mainly by the LEFT ATRIUM.
Base
______ Septum - separation between atria.
Interatrial
_____ septum- separation between ventricles.
Interventricular
Interventricular septum has two parts what are they?
Membranous and muscular part
_____ part of the Interventricular septum is found on the superior portion.
Membranous
_____ part make up the majority of the septum: inferior to the membranous portion.
Muscular
Atrioventricular valves are valves between _____ and _____.
atria and ventricles
Right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid) has how many flaps?
3
Left atrioventricular valve (mitral/ bicuspid) has how many flaps?
2
_____ valve- valve located between the left ventricle (aortic vestibule) and the ascending aorta.
Aortic (right or aortic semilunar valve)
_____ Valve - valve at the apex of the conus arteriosus
before the pulmonary trunk.
Pulmonic (left or pulmonic semilunar valve)
_____ _____ – right border of the heart;
receives blood from the SVC, IVC, coronary sinus
and anterior cardiac veins.
Right Atrium
RIGHT ATRIUM: \_\_\_\_\_\_ - drains head, neck and upper extremities. \_\_\_\_\_\_- drains rest of body. liver is last to deliver blood.
Superior Vena Cava; Inferior Vena Cava
RIGHT ATRIUM:
Coronary sinus drains ALL veins of the heart EXEPT ONE
ANTERIOR CARDIAC VEIN
RIGHT ATRIUM:
Anterior cardiac veins: Group of 3-5 veins which drain the ____ _____ wall and open directly into the _____ _____.
right ventricular; right atrium
RIGHT AND LEFT ATRIUM:
_____ _____ is the remnant of the fetal foramen ovale.
Fossa ovalis
RIGHT ATRIUM:
_____ _____ peptide- powerful vasodilator secreted by the myocytes of the atria. It is released secondary to atrial dilation or increased intravascular fluid pressure. Causes Na+ secretion (natriuresis) and diuresis.
Atrial Natriuretic
RIGHT VENTRICLE:
Septomarginal Trabeculae (moderator band) - carries right
branch of ______.
AV bundle
LEFT AND RIGHT VENTRICLES:
______ muscles – conical projections attached to the ventricular
walls.
Papillary Muscles
LEFT AND RIGHT VENTRICLES:
_____ _____which are attach the cusps to the papillary muscles.
Chordae Tendinae
LEFT ATRIUM: is attached to _ pulmonary veins.
4
LEFT ATRIUM:
______- drain the lungs (richly oxygenated
blood).
Pulmonary veins
LEFT ATRIUM: _____ _____ – fetal atrium which contains pectinate
muscles.
Left auricle
LEFT ATRIUM: Oblique vein of the left atrium –an oblique vessel on the posterior aspect of the left atrium which empties into the left corner of the _____ _____.
coronary sinus
Right and Left Coronary Arteries - attach to the base of the ______ _____ at the right and left semilunar valves.
ascending aorta
_____ _____ vein - runs from the apex of the heart with the anterior interventricular artery and the circumflex branch.
Great cardiac
_____ _____ vein - runs from the apex with the posterior interventricular artery to empty into the right side of the coronary sinus (near its base).
Middle cardiac
_____ _____ vein- runs with the right coronary artery and right marginal artery to empty into the sinus just to the right of the middle cardiac vein.
Small cardiac
_____ _____ _____vein - runs with the left marginal branch of the circumflex artery to empty into the left side of the coronary sinus.
Left Posterior Ventricular
_____ vein of the left atrium- drains left auricle & part of the left atrium.
Oblique
the primitive heart tube folds to the left instead of to the right in the 4th week of development causing a majority of the heart to develop to the right of the midline. Reversal of the great vessels occurs.
Detrocardia
complete reversal of internal organs- usually no complications.
Dextrocardia with situs inversus
accompanies severe cardiac anomalies.
Dextrocardia without situs inversus
a defect in the wall of the atrium either at the fossa ovalis or due to improper incorporation of the sinus venosus.
Atrial Septal Defect (Incomplete fusion of foramen ovale)
failure of the spiral septum to develop. This allows for the common fetal trunk to remain and causes a mixture of the oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
Persistent Truncus Arteriosus
Ventricular Septal defect (VSD) has a Membranous and Muscular part:
_____ – most common of all anomalies; improper partitioning of the conotruncal region of the ventricle.
Membranous
Ventricular Septal defect (VSD) has a Membranous and Muscular part:
_____- defect in the muscular septal.
Muscular
unequal division of the conotruncal region resulting in anterior displacement of the conotruncal septum.
Tetrology of Fallot
Tetrology of Fallot causes: (4)
- Pulmonary stenosis
- VSD (ventricular septal defect)
- Overriding (Dextropositioning of the aorta
- Right ventricular hypertrophy
connection between the aorta and pulmonary trunk remains open.
Patent ductus arteriosus
What initiates impulses - natural pacemaker of the heart.
Sinuatrial node (SA Node)
SA node is influenced by:
- _____ Nervous System - Speeds up
- _____ Nervous System - Slows down.
Sympathetic; Parasympathetic
What is Located in the interatrial septum, on the ventricular side of the coronary sinus.
AV Node
What is Located in the wall of the right atrium at the superior end of the crista terminalis, where the superior vena cava and right auricle meet.
SA node
