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Clinical Chemistry > Cardiac > Flashcards

Cardiac Flashcards

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1
Q

What is cardiomyopathy?

A

Disease of heart muscle

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2
Q

What is arrythmia?

A

irregular heartbeat

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3
Q

What is bradycardia?

A

slow heart rate

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4
Q

What is tachycardai?

A

fast heart rate

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5
Q

What is atrial fibrillation?

A

irregular/fast contraction of atria. Working independent of ventricles

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6
Q

What is Ischemia?

A

local, temporary lack of blood supply due to obstruction

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7
Q

What is the major role of diagnosing cardiovascular disease?

A

CHF & AMI

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8
Q

What is the common cause for congenital heart defects?

A

maternal rubella infection (reason why to get prenatorl blood work done)

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9
Q

What arises congenital heart defects?

A

abnormal formation of heart and blood vessells

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10
Q

What is tetralogy of fallot?

A

It’s a congenital heart defect that causes hole in the heart. Major structural abnormalities that affects blood flow through the heart

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11
Q

What is Heart failure also known as?

A

CHF

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12
Q

What is impaired in CHF?

A

ability of ventricle to fill or pump blood. Left side isn’t able to pump blood correctly

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13
Q

What causes pulmonary edema in CHF?

A

fluid builid up.

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14
Q

In CHF was happens to the blood flow?

A

it’s reduced in the circulation. This causes perfusion through organs to be reduced

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15
Q

What do the kidneys do in CHF?

A

retain excess fluid and Na to increase BP. Makes HF worse. Excess fluid results in sstemic edema

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16
Q

What is a general term for acute coronary syndrome?

A

continuum of events

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17
Q

What is the most common cause for coronary syndrome?

A

atherosclerosis.

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18
Q

What are the common symptoms for coronary syndrome?

A

chest pain, pain to arm, jaw or neck. nausea, dypsnea, diaphoreis, lightheaded

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19
Q

What is the systolic in Hypertensive heart disease?

A

greater than 140

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20
Q

What is the diastolic in hypertensive heart disease?

A

greater than 90

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21
Q

What happens with every systolic increase over 20 and diastolic over 10?

A

Doubles the risk of MI or stroke

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22
Q

What causes rheumatic heart disease?

A

rheumatic fever. Autoimmune response from infecton of group A beta hemolytic strep infection

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23
Q

What is infected in infective endocarditis?

A

endocardium is infected by microorganism or fungi. Strep and staph are common agents.

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24
Q

What causes pericarditis?

A

bacteria, viral, or funal. Autoimmune disorders as wll.

25
Q

What is pericarditis?

A

inflammation of pericardium. Fluid build around heart

26
Q

What are non-lab tests for lab and diagnosis of heart disease?

A

EKG: easy & cheap.

Nuclear imaging: better sensitivity/spec but not practical

27
Q

What are the lab tests for heart disease?

A

markers for MI, inflammation & risk assessment

28
Q

What is CK used for?

A

general screen but is too non specific. increase seen in 6 hours. Back to normal in 3 days.

29
Q

What is CKMB?

A

more cardia specific. Rise 4-6 hrs. Peak 12-24 hrs and normal 2-3 days post onsent

30
Q

What does less than 3 mean for CKMB/CK index?

A

MUSCLE

31
Q

What does greater than 6 mean for CKMB/CK index?

A

MI

32
Q

What is the LD1/LD2 flip?

A

LD1 is greater than LD peak at 48 hrs. Back to normal within 10 days.

33
Q

What is the gold standard for contractile proteins?

A

Troponin

34
Q

What does troponin do?

A

binds calcium and regulates muscle contraction

35
Q

When does troponin rise, peak and come back to normal?

A

Rise:4-6 hrs Peak:12-18 hrs and Normal: 4-10 days (catches old MI’s that don’t come in)

36
Q

What is the normal range for troponin?

A

0.1 ng/ml

37
Q

What can cause a false pos for contractile proteins?

A

TnT with ESRD

38
Q

What is Myoglobin?

A

O2 binding heme protein found in cardia and skeletal muscle (non-specific(

39
Q

When will myoglobin rise, peak, and go back to normal?

A

Rise: 1-3 hrs, Peak in all MI patients 6-9 hrs, normal 18-24 hrs

40
Q

What is the reference range of myoglobin for males and females?

A

Males 30-90 ng/dL

Females less than 50 ng/dl

41
Q

What would a negative myoglobin after 6-8 hours indicate?

A

Not likely MI

42
Q

What is CRP?

A

Acute phase protein

43
Q

Where is CRP produce?

A

the liver and is response to infection, injury and inflammation.

44
Q

What kind of maker is CRP?

A

non-specific for inflammation

45
Q

What is hsCRP?

A

more cardiac specific bc small changes can be seen earlier.

46
Q

What is higher hsCRP associated with?

A

higher risk of future cardiac related mobidity and moraltiy

47
Q

What is homocysteine?

A

HCYST is an amino acid found in the blood

48
Q

What is hyperhomcyteniemia related to?

A

increased risk of CHD, stroke and peripheral vascular disease

49
Q

What does HCYST cause damage to?

A

lining of blood vessels and promotes clotting

50
Q

What can cause homocysteine?

A

deficiencines in folate, VIT B6 and B12

51
Q

What are important hormones for cardia homeostasis?

A

natriuretic pepties

52
Q

What is released during ventricular stretch or stress by myocyes in the absence of necroses?

A

ProBNP

53
Q

What causes the stretching of myocytes?

A

increased fluid volume in CHF and causes release of BNP and NT proBNP

54
Q

What is the advantage of proBNP over BNP?

A

proBNP hase 1.5 hour half life compared to BNP having 20 min half life

55
Q

What is used to assess prognosis of MI or CHF?

A

BNP and proBNP

56
Q

What kind of drugs need to be monitored for cardiac panels?

A

digoxin and lidocaine

57
Q

Why is digoxin given?

A

to increase contractions. Too much of it can be toxic and will produce same symptoms it is given for

58
Q

What is lidocaine given for?

A

arrhythmias. Toxic concentrations can cause them

Clinical Chemistry (2 decks)

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