Cardiac Flashcards
What is cardiomyopathy?
Disease of heart muscle
What is arrythmia?
irregular heartbeat
What is bradycardia?
slow heart rate
What is tachycardai?
fast heart rate
What is atrial fibrillation?
irregular/fast contraction of atria. Working independent of ventricles
What is Ischemia?
local, temporary lack of blood supply due to obstruction
What is the major role of diagnosing cardiovascular disease?
CHF & AMI
What is the common cause for congenital heart defects?
maternal rubella infection (reason why to get prenatorl blood work done)
What arises congenital heart defects?
abnormal formation of heart and blood vessells
What is tetralogy of fallot?
It’s a congenital heart defect that causes hole in the heart. Major structural abnormalities that affects blood flow through the heart
What is Heart failure also known as?
CHF
What is impaired in CHF?
ability of ventricle to fill or pump blood. Left side isn’t able to pump blood correctly
What causes pulmonary edema in CHF?
fluid builid up.
In CHF was happens to the blood flow?
it’s reduced in the circulation. This causes perfusion through organs to be reduced
What do the kidneys do in CHF?
retain excess fluid and Na to increase BP. Makes HF worse. Excess fluid results in sstemic edema
What is a general term for acute coronary syndrome?
continuum of events
What is the most common cause for coronary syndrome?
atherosclerosis.
What are the common symptoms for coronary syndrome?
chest pain, pain to arm, jaw or neck. nausea, dypsnea, diaphoreis, lightheaded
What is the systolic in Hypertensive heart disease?
greater than 140
What is the diastolic in hypertensive heart disease?
greater than 90
What happens with every systolic increase over 20 and diastolic over 10?
Doubles the risk of MI or stroke
What causes rheumatic heart disease?
rheumatic fever. Autoimmune response from infecton of group A beta hemolytic strep infection
What is infected in infective endocarditis?
endocardium is infected by microorganism or fungi. Strep and staph are common agents.
What causes pericarditis?
bacteria, viral, or funal. Autoimmune disorders as wll.
What is pericarditis?
inflammation of pericardium. Fluid build around heart
What are non-lab tests for lab and diagnosis of heart disease?
EKG: easy & cheap.
Nuclear imaging: better sensitivity/spec but not practical
What are the lab tests for heart disease?
markers for MI, inflammation & risk assessment
What is CK used for?
general screen but is too non specific. increase seen in 6 hours. Back to normal in 3 days.
What is CKMB?
more cardia specific. Rise 4-6 hrs. Peak 12-24 hrs and normal 2-3 days post onsent
What does less than 3 mean for CKMB/CK index?
MUSCLE
What does greater than 6 mean for CKMB/CK index?
MI
What is the LD1/LD2 flip?
LD1 is greater than LD peak at 48 hrs. Back to normal within 10 days.
What is the gold standard for contractile proteins?
Troponin
What does troponin do?
binds calcium and regulates muscle contraction
When does troponin rise, peak and come back to normal?
Rise:4-6 hrs Peak:12-18 hrs and Normal: 4-10 days (catches old MI’s that don’t come in)
What is the normal range for troponin?
0.1 ng/ml
What can cause a false pos for contractile proteins?
TnT with ESRD
What is Myoglobin?
O2 binding heme protein found in cardia and skeletal muscle (non-specific(
When will myoglobin rise, peak, and go back to normal?
Rise: 1-3 hrs, Peak in all MI patients 6-9 hrs, normal 18-24 hrs
What is the reference range of myoglobin for males and females?
Males 30-90 ng/dL
Females less than 50 ng/dl
What would a negative myoglobin after 6-8 hours indicate?
Not likely MI
What is CRP?
Acute phase protein
Where is CRP produce?
the liver and is response to infection, injury and inflammation.
What kind of maker is CRP?
non-specific for inflammation
What is hsCRP?
more cardiac specific bc small changes can be seen earlier.
What is higher hsCRP associated with?
higher risk of future cardiac related mobidity and moraltiy
What is homocysteine?
HCYST is an amino acid found in the blood
What is hyperhomcyteniemia related to?
increased risk of CHD, stroke and peripheral vascular disease
What does HCYST cause damage to?
lining of blood vessels and promotes clotting
What can cause homocysteine?
deficiencines in folate, VIT B6 and B12
What are important hormones for cardia homeostasis?
natriuretic pepties
What is released during ventricular stretch or stress by myocyes in the absence of necroses?
ProBNP
What causes the stretching of myocytes?
increased fluid volume in CHF and causes release of BNP and NT proBNP
What is the advantage of proBNP over BNP?
proBNP hase 1.5 hour half life compared to BNP having 20 min half life
What is used to assess prognosis of MI or CHF?
BNP and proBNP
What kind of drugs need to be monitored for cardiac panels?
digoxin and lidocaine
Why is digoxin given?
to increase contractions. Too much of it can be toxic and will produce same symptoms it is given for
What is lidocaine given for?
arrhythmias. Toxic concentrations can cause them
