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VIA > Cardiac > Flashcards

Cardiac Flashcards

1
Q

Boot shaped heart (peads)

A

Tetralogy of fallot

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2
Q

Egg shaped heart (paeds)

A

Transposition of the great arteries

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3
Q

3rd heart sound

A

LV failure, mitral regurg, L->R shunt

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4
Q

4th heart sound

A

Pulmonary stenosis, pulmonary HTN

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5
Q

New onset RBBB with R axis deviation

A

PE

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6
Q

Split, fixed S2 (paeds)

A

ASD

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7
Q

Split, widened S2 (paeds)

A

Pulmonary stenosis

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8
Q

Caput medusae

A

Portal HTN

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9
Q

Chronic fatigue and palpitations

A

Torsades de Pointes

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10
Q

“Flutter in chest” that make you “catch your breath”

A

Paroxysmal atrial tachycardia

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11
Q

Beta blocker used with heart failure

A

Atenolol

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12
Q

Endocarditis in IVDU

A

Tricuspid regurg

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13
Q

2nd heart sound

A

Diaphragm at the mid-left sternal edge

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14
Q

SA node supplied by

A

Right coronary artery (in most people)

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15
Q

Post-MI heart muscle is weakest on…

A

Day 10

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16
Q

Digoxin S/E

A

Slowing of AV conduction Disturbance in colour vision

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17
Q

Bornholm disease

A

Chest pain caused by Coxsackie B

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18
Q

Continuous murmur in acyanotic heart disease (paeds)

A

PDA

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19
Q

Symptomatic, acyanotic heart disease with loud pancystolic murmur (paeds)

A

VSD

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20
Q

Asymptomatic acyanotic heart disease (paeds)

A

ASD

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21
Q
A
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22
Q

Dihydropyridines

A

-pine

Peripheral

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23
Q

Non-dihydropyridines

A

-amil

Central

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24
Q

Sick Sinus Syndrome

A

Due to sinus node dysfunction

Pace if symptomatic

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25
Q

1st Degree Heart Block - ECG

A

Impulse is conveyed slowly through the AV node

Bradycardic, lengthened PR interval (>0.20 seconds)

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26
Q

1st Degree Heart Block - Causes

A

AV nodal disease

Enhanced vagal tone (athletes)

AMI

Electrolyte imbalance

Drugs

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27
Q

2nd Degree Heart Block - Mobitz Type 1

ECG

A

Bradycardic, progressive prolongation of the PR interval followed by a dropped QRS

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28
Q

2nd Degree Heart Block - Mobitz Type 2

ECG

A

Progressive prolongation of the PR interval with occasional dropped QRS beats

Ratio block, e.g. 2:1, 3:1, etc.

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29
Q

3rd Degree Heart Block - ECG

A

Ventricular rate is slower than the atrial

No relationship between the P wave and QRS

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30
Q

3rd Degree Heart Block

A

Blockage in the conduction system

Causes include AMI, congenital, progressive degradation of the conduction system and endocarditis

Pacing is required

31
Q

ACEi

A

-prilHTN, heart failureS/E: cough, headache, kyperkalaemiaC/I: renal artery stenosis, pregnancy

32
Q

ARB

A

-sartanSame as ACEi but no cough

33
Q

Beta-blockers

A

-ololAngina, post-MI, arrhythmias, clinically stable heart failureS/E: bronchoconstriction, AV block, claudication, impotence, depression, sedation, masks hypoglycaemiaC/I: uncontrolled heart failure, diabetes, asthma

34
Q

Calcium-channel blockers

A

Dihydropyridines (-pine) - peripheralNon-dihydropyridines (-amil) - cardiacAngina, tachyarrhythmiasS/E: cardiac depression, bradycardia, flushing, oedema, dizziness, headache, constipation, nauseaC/I: heart failure

35
Q

Thiazides

A

Mild-moderate HTN, oedema, heart failureS/E: hypokalaemia, hyperuricaemia, hypercholesterolaemia, hyperglycaemiaC/I: diabetes, gout

36
Q

Spironolactone

A

Potassium sparing diureticCCF

37
Q

Amiodarone

A

Arrhythmias - rhythm controlIncreases QT interval and prolongs action potentialS/E: interstitial lung disease, thyroid dysfunction, abnormal liver enzymes

38
Q

Warfarin

A

Blocks factors II, VII, IX, X, protein C and protein S

39
Q

Heparin

A

Binds to and activates antithrombin III, which inactivates factor Xa

40
Q

ASCauses

A

CalcificationBicuspid valveRheumatic fever

41
Q

AS Murmur

A

Ejection systolic radiating to the carotids

42
Q

AS Pulse

A

Small volumeSlow rising

43
Q

ASHeart sounds

A

Soft S2Prominent S4

44
Q

ASApex beat

A

“Pressure-loaded”Non-displacedHyperdynamic

45
Q

AS Heaves/thrills

A

Aortic thrill

46
Q

ASSymptoms

A

DyspnoeaSyncopeAngina

47
Q

MR Causes

A

Mitral valve prolapseRheumatic feverIHDLV hypertrophyIE

48
Q

MR Murmur

A

Pan-systolic murmur radiating to the axilla

49
Q

MRHeart sounds

50
Q

MRApex beat

A

“Volume-loaded”Displaced, diffuse

51
Q

AR Murmur

A

Early diastolic murmur

52
Q

ARPulse

A

Water-hammer pulseWide pulse pressure

53
Q

MSCauses

A

Rheumatic feverCongenital deformitySLE

54
Q

MS Murmur

A

Mid diastolic

55
Q

Truncus Arteriosus

A

Presents at birthMild cyanosisEjection systolic murmur at left sternal edgeCan cause heart failureNeed surgery

56
Q

Transposition of the Great Vessels

A

Presents on day 1/2Severe cyanosisNo murmurLoud single S2CXR - egg on its sidePG infusion to maintain patency of duct, emergency cardiac catheterisation, switch procedure

57
Q

Tricuspid atresia

A

Presents day 1/2 (closure of duct)Severe cyanosisEjection systolic murmur at left sternal edgeCan cause heart failureCXR - boot shaped heartPG and surgery

58
Q

Tetralogy of Fallot

A

VSD, Pulmonary stenosis, RVH, overriding aortaPresents at 6-12 monthsIntermittent hypoxic spellsEjection systolic murmur at left sternal edge, radiating to the back, single heart sound, clubbingCXR - boot shaped heart, uptilted vertexGet them to squat with hypoxic spells, sodium bicarb, propanolol, surgery

59
Q

VSD

A

Present at 2-3 months with failure to thrive, sweaty during feedsLoud pansystolic murmur at left sternal border. Quiet or loud P2Complicated by CCF75% resolve spontaneously

60
Q

ASD

A

AsymptomaticSoft mid-systolic murmur and splitting of S2Complicated by mitral incompetence and endocarditis75% resolve spontaneously

61
Q

AVSD

A

Trisomy 21

62
Q

PDA

A

Occurs in premature babiesPresents at birth with increased ventilation requirementsContinuous murmur heart beneath the left clavicle NSAIDs to promote duct closure. May need coil at 1yr

63
Q

Coarctation of the aorta

A

Turner’s syndromeOften asymptomaticHypertension in upper limbs with hypotension in lower limbsPG and surgery

64
Q

Kawasaki DiseaseDiagnosis

A

WARM CREAMWarm - temp >38.5 for 5 daysCervical lymphadenopathyRash - polymorphousErythema and oedema ± peelingAdenopathyMucous membranes (strawberry tongue)

65
Q

Kawasaki DiseaseManagement

A

Admit to hospitalIV fluidsIV IG and aspirinCRP and plateletsEchocardiogramRegular paeds review

66
Q

Atrial Fibrillation - Causes

A

Electrolyte imbalanceSepsisPEHyperthyroidismCardiomyopathy

67
Q

Atrial Fibrillation - ECG

A

Absent P wavesIrregularly irregular ventricular rate

68
Q

Atrial Fibrillation - Management

A

Rate control - beta-blockers or digoxin in patients with CCFRhythm control (cardioversion) - amiodaroneProphylaxis against thromboembolic complications depends on CHADSVASc score

69
Q

Atrial Flutter - Clinical Presentation

A

Exercise intolerancePalpitationsFatigueLightheadedness

70
Q

Atrial Flutter - ECG

A

Too many P wavesSaw-tooth atrial defectionsPossible 2:1 AV block

71
Q

Atrial Flutter - Management

A

Rate control - beta-blockers or digoxin in patients with CCFRhythm control (cardioversion) - amiodarone

72
Q

Ventricular Tachycardia - Management

A

Amiodarone or sodium channel blockers (lignocaine)

73
Q

Ventricular Fibrillation - ECG

A

Rapid, shapeless oscillations

VIA (16 decks)

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