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Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Fractured shaft of humerus - endangered

A

Axillary nerve

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2
Q

Level spinal cord ends

A

L1/2

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3
Q

Loss of saddle sensation

A

Corda equina

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4
Q

Referred pain to ear

A

Tonsils

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5
Q

Layer of the eye with most refractive power

A

Cornea

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6
Q

Inability to ad/abduct fingers

A

T1

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7
Q

Winged scapula due to injury of the…

A

Long thoracic nerve

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8
Q

Azygous vein drains into…

A

SVC

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9
Q

Knee reflex

A

L3/4

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10
Q

Jaw jerk nerve

A

Trigemnital

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11
Q

Falciform ligament

A

From the hilum of the liver to the anterior abdominal wall (remnant of the umbilical vein)

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12
Q

Lacteral pectoral nerve

A

Pectoralis major

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13
Q

Main lymphatic drainage of the leg

A

Great saphenous vein

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14
Q

Axillary nerve motor supply

A

Deltoid and teres minor

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15
Q

Transpyloric plane

A 
Superior mesenteric artery origin
End of spinal cord
Pylorus of stomach
Neck of pancreas
Origin of portal vein
2nd part of duodenum
Sphincter of Oddi
Hilum of kidneys
Duodenal-jejunal flexure
Fundus of gallbladder
Tip of 9th costal cartilage
Hepatic and splenic flexure
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16
Q

Ankle jerk

A

L5/S1

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17
Q

Active hyperemia

A

Increase of blood flow to active tissues in the body

Smooth muscles of arterioles relax in response to local chemical factors

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18
Q

Arterial baroreceptors

A

Decrease firing to compensate for a sudden loss in arterial BP

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19
Q

Acute inflammation

A

Leukocytes

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20
Q

Chronic inflammation

A

Lymphocytes, macrophages, plasma cells

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21
Q

Cricothyroid puncture

A

Between cricoid and thyroid cartilages (C4-6)Complications: damage to vocal cords (hoarseness) and bleeding

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22
Q

Intercostal catheterisation

A

Pneumothorax, haemothorax, pleural effusion5th ICS anterior to mid axillary line, or 2nd ICS mid-clavicular line

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23
Q

Lumbar puncture

A

L3-4 (or below) into the subarachnoid space

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24
Q

Most likely zone of the prostate for carcinoma

A

Peripheral zone

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25
Q

Most likely zone of the prostate for BPH

A

Transitional zone

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26
Q

Thyroid surgery

Complications

A 
Bleeding
Injury to recurrent laryngeal nerve
Hypoparathyroidism
Thyrotoxic storm
Injury to superior laryngeal nerve
Infection
Hypothyroidism
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27
Q

Posterior triangle of the neck

A

Contains the accessory nerve

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28
Q

Apical lung tumour - clinical features

A

Pain along the inner aspect of the armWasting of intrinsic muscles of the hand Constriction of the pupil

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29
Q

Horner’s syndrome

A

PAM
Partial ptosis
Anhidrosis
Miosis (constriction of pupil)

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30
Q

Facial nerve - innervations

A

Motor - stapedius and facial musclesSensory - palate and anterior 2/3 of the tongueParasympathetic - lacrimal gland, submandibular gland, sublingual gland

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31
Q

Traction from an extradural haemorrhage

Nerve endangered

A

Oculomotor nerve

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32
Q

Compression in the superior orbital fissure above the fibrous ring
Nerve endangered

A

Oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal (V1)

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33
Q

Compression within the cavernous sinus

Nerves endangered

A

AbducensInternal carotid artery

Lateral walls - III, IV, V1, V2

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34
Q

Layers of abdominal wall
Medial to rectus sheath
Above arcuate line

A 
SkinFascia External oblique
1/2 of internal oblique
Rectus abdominis
1/2 of internal oblique
Transversus abdominis
Transversalis fascia
Peritoneum
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35
Q

Layers of abdominal wall
Medial to rectus sheath
Bowel arcuate line

A 
Skin
Fascia
External oblique
Internal oblique
Transversus abdominis
Rectus abdominis 
Transversalis fascia
Peritoneum
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36
Q

Why does the left testis hang lower?

A

Due to venous drainage - testicular vein drains into the left renal vein on the left side, compared to the IVC on the right side. The left renal vein is smaller than the IVC, so has greater pressure

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37
Q

Large intestine

Histology

A

Taenia coli
Haustra
Omental appendices

38
Q

Small intestine

Histology

A

Smaller in diameter

Consistently peritoneal

39
Q

Jejunum

Differences from Ileum

A 
More prominent mucosal folds
Thicker walls with larger windows
Vasa recta
Greater diameter
More vascular
Absorbs protein
40
Q

Ileum Differences from jejunum

A

More fat in mesentery
Shorter arcades
More lymphoid
Absorbs B12, fats and bile salts

41
Q

Foregut

A

Stomach, gallbladder, pancreas, abdominal part of oesophagus, proximal part of duodenum, liver, spleen
T7-9 - epigastric pain
Supplied by coeliac trunk

42
Q

Midgut

A

Appendix, distal part of duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum, proximal part of large intestine (until splenic flexure)
T10 - umbilical pain
Supplied by superior mesenteric artery

43
Q

Hindgut

A

Above the pelvic pain line - distal part of large intestine, descending colon, sigmoid colon, ureters, testes, ovaries, uterine tubes, bladder above trigone, body of uterus, supravaginal part of cervix
T10-L1 - suprapubic pain
Supplied by inferior mesenteric artery

44
Q

Sites of portal-systemic anastamosis

A

Lower end of the oesophagus
Anal canal
Anterior abdominal wall
Posterior abdominal wall

45
Q

Cauda equina compression - nerve roots

46
Q

Internal iliac artery

A

Provides most of the blood supply to the pelvis

Major branch is the pudenal artery

47
Q

External iliac artery

A

Gives rise to deep circumflex and inferior epigastric arteries and the femoral artery in the groin

48
Q

Artery eroded by ulcer in first part of duodenum

A

Gastroduodenal artery

49
Q

Artery eroded by ulcer in stomach

A

Splenic artery

50
Q

Supply of the right coronary artery

A 
SA node (55% of people)
AV node (90% of people)
Right atrium
Right ventricle (most of)
Diaphragmatic part of left ventricle 
Posterior 1/3 of inter ventricular septum
51
Q

Supply of the left coronary artery

A 
SA node (45% of people)
AV node (10% of people)
AV bundle
Left atrium
Left ventricle (most of)
Part of right ventricle
Anterior 2/3 of interventricular septum
52
Q

Sternal angle (Angle of Louis)

A 
2nd costal cartilage
IV disc T4/5
Passage of thoracic duct from right to left
Aortic arch start and end
Tracheal bifurcation
End of azygous system into SVC
Ligamentum arteriosum
Loop of the recurrent laryngeal nerve around aortic arch Superior border of inferior mediastinum
53
Q

Points where parietal pleura are vulnerable to penetrating injury

A

Above 1st rib
Right cost-xiphisternal angle (6th rib)
Costovertebral angle (below 12th rib)

54
Q

Dorsal Scapular Nerve

A

Rhomboids

Levator scapulae

55
Q

Long Thoracic Nerve

A

Serratus anterior

56
Q

Suprascapular nerve

A

Supraspinatus

Infraspinatus

57
Q

Nerve to Subclavius

A

Subclavius

58
Q

Lateral pectoral Nerve

A

1/2 Pectoralis Major

59
Q

Medial pectoral Nerve

A

1/2 of pectoralis major

Pectoralis minor

60
Q

Musculocutaenous Nerve

A

Biceps brachii
Brachialis
Coracobrachialis

61
Q

Upper Subscapular nerve

A

1/2 of subscapularis

62
Q

Lower subscapular nerve

A

Teres major

1/2 of subscapularis

63
Q 
Thoracodorsalis nerve
(Middle Subscapular Nerve)
A

Latissimus dorsi

64
Q

Axillary nerve

A

Deltoid

Teres minor

65
Q

Protrusion of the medial border of the scapular. What nerve is injured

A

Long thoracic nerve

66
Q

Fracture of the surgical neck of humerus. Best examination to assess neurological status

A

Sensation over deltoid

67
Q

Fractured neck of humerous with damage to the axillary nerve. Function that is most likely to be impaired:

A

Abduction of the shoulder

68
Q

Nerve and artery in the quadrangular space (humerus)

A

Axillary nerve and posterior circumflex humeral artery

69
Q

Fracture of the clavical resulting in injury to the brachial plexus. Which part is likely to be damaged?

70
Q

Fracture of the humerus after a MVA. Results in:

A

Inability to extend the wrist due to radial nerve injury

71
Q

Incorect use of crutches resulting in weakness in extension of theforearm and wrist and loss of sensation over the first web space on the dorsum of the hand. Nerve affected

A

Radial nerve above the point of innervation of the triceps

72
Q

Apical carcinoma with wasting of the dorsal interossei. This is due to compression of the:

A

T1 nerve root

73
Q

Patient has pain and paraesthesia of the thumb, index and middle finger. Nerve most likely affected:

A

Median nerve

74
Q

Where the sciatic nerve passes, in relation to the sciatic foramen and piriformis

A

Through the greater sciatic foramen and inferior to piriformis

75
Q

Trendelenburg sign - nerve affected

A

Superior gluteal nerve

76
Q

Tight below the knee cast compressing the common fibular nerve. Structure most likely affected

A

Tibialis anterior

77
Q

Foot drop and inability to evert the foot. Damage to:

A

Common fibularnerve

78
Q

Patient presents with altered sensation of the lateral aspect of the foot. Nerve most likely affected:

A

Sural nerve

79
Q

Biceps jerk nerve roots

80
Q

Triceps jerk nerve roots

81
Q

Brachioradialis jerk

82
Q

Knee jerk nerve roots

83
Q

Ankle jerk nerve roots

84
Q

Erb’s palsy

A

Waiters tip - stretch/rupture of the upper trunk of the plexusC5,6 paralysis and wasting

85
Q

Klumpke’s palsy

A

Claw handUlnar and radial nervesC8, T1

86
Q

“Ape hand” at wrist

A

Median nerve

87
Q

“Hand of benediction” near the elbow

A

Median nerve

88
Q

“Ulnar claw” at wrist

A

Ulnar nerve

89
Q

“Wrist drop”

A

Radial nerve

90
Q

“Foot drop”

A

Fibular or sciatic nerve

91
Q

Sciatic Nerve spinal levels

92
Q

Sciatic Nerve

Innervation

A

Entire lower leg (besides the medial side) via the tibial and common fibular nerves

VIA (16 decks)

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