Anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
Fractured shaft of humerus - endangered
A
Axillary nerve
2
Q
Level spinal cord ends
A
L1/2
3
Q
Loss of saddle sensation
A
Corda equina
4
Q
Referred pain to ear
A
Tonsils
5
Q
Layer of the eye with most refractive power
A
Cornea
6
Q
Inability to ad/abduct fingers
A
T1
7
Q
Winged scapula due to injury of the…
A
Long thoracic nerve
8
Q
Azygous vein drains into…
A
SVC
9
Q
Knee reflex
A
L3/4
10
Q
Jaw jerk nerve
A
Trigemnital
11
Q
Falciform ligament
A
From the hilum of the liver to the anterior abdominal wall (remnant of the umbilical vein)
12
Q
Lacteral pectoral nerve
A
Pectoralis major
13
Q
Main lymphatic drainage of the leg
A
Great saphenous vein
14
Q
Axillary nerve motor supply
A
Deltoid and teres minor
15
Q
Transpyloric plane
A
Superior mesenteric artery origin End of spinal cord Pylorus of stomach Neck of pancreas Origin of portal vein 2nd part of duodenum Sphincter of Oddi Hilum of kidneys Duodenal-jejunal flexure Fundus of gallbladder Tip of 9th costal cartilage Hepatic and splenic flexure
16
Q
Ankle jerk
A
L5/S1
17
Q
Active hyperemia
A
Increase of blood flow to active tissues in the body
Smooth muscles of arterioles relax in response to local chemical factors
18
Q
Arterial baroreceptors
A
Decrease firing to compensate for a sudden loss in arterial BP
19
Q
Acute inflammation
A
Leukocytes
20
Q
Chronic inflammation
A
Lymphocytes, macrophages, plasma cells
21
Q
Cricothyroid puncture
A
Between cricoid and thyroid cartilages (C4-6)Complications: damage to vocal cords (hoarseness) and bleeding
22
Q
Intercostal catheterisation
A
Pneumothorax, haemothorax, pleural effusion5th ICS anterior to mid axillary line, or 2nd ICS mid-clavicular line
23
Q
Lumbar puncture
A
L3-4 (or below) into the subarachnoid space
24
Q
Most likely zone of the prostate for carcinoma
A
Peripheral zone
25
Most likely zone of the prostate for BPH
Transitional zone
26
Thyroid surgery
| Complications
```
Bleeding
Injury to recurrent laryngeal nerve
Hypoparathyroidism
Thyrotoxic storm
Injury to superior laryngeal nerve
Infection
Hypothyroidism
```
27
Posterior triangle of the neck
Contains the accessory nerve
28
Apical lung tumour - clinical features
Pain along the inner aspect of the armWasting of intrinsic muscles of the hand Constriction of the pupil
29
Horner's syndrome
PAM
Partial ptosis
Anhidrosis
Miosis (constriction of pupil)
30
Facial nerve - innervations
Motor - stapedius and facial musclesSensory - palate and anterior 2/3 of the tongueParasympathetic - lacrimal gland, submandibular gland, sublingual gland
31
Traction from an extradural haemorrhage
| Nerve endangered
Oculomotor nerve
32
Compression in the superior orbital fissure above the fibrous ring
Nerve endangered
Oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal (V1)
33
Compression within the cavernous sinus
| Nerves endangered
AbducensInternal carotid artery
| Lateral walls - III, IV, V1, V2
34
Layers of abdominal wall
Medial to rectus sheath
Above arcuate line
```
SkinFascia External oblique
1/2 of internal oblique
Rectus abdominis
1/2 of internal oblique
Transversus abdominis
Transversalis fascia
Peritoneum
```
35
Layers of abdominal wall
Medial to rectus sheath
Bowel arcuate line
```
Skin
Fascia
External oblique
Internal oblique
Transversus abdominis
Rectus abdominis
Transversalis fascia
Peritoneum
```
36
Why does the left testis hang lower?
Due to venous drainage - testicular vein drains into the left renal vein on the left side, compared to the IVC on the right side. The left renal vein is smaller than the IVC, so has greater pressure
37
Large intestine
| Histology
Taenia coli
Haustra
Omental appendices
38
Small intestine
| Histology
Smaller in diameter
| Consistently peritoneal
39
Jejunum
| Differences from Ileum
```
More prominent mucosal folds
Thicker walls with larger windows
Vasa recta
Greater diameter
More vascular
Absorbs protein
```
40
Ileum Differences from jejunum
More fat in mesentery
Shorter arcades
More lymphoid
Absorbs B12, fats and bile salts
41
Foregut
Stomach, gallbladder, pancreas, abdominal part of oesophagus, proximal part of duodenum, liver, spleen
T7-9 - epigastric pain
Supplied by coeliac trunk
42
Midgut
Appendix, distal part of duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum, proximal part of large intestine (until splenic flexure)
T10 - umbilical pain
Supplied by superior mesenteric artery
43
Hindgut
Above the pelvic pain line - distal part of large intestine, descending colon, sigmoid colon, ureters, testes, ovaries, uterine tubes, bladder above trigone, body of uterus, supravaginal part of cervix
T10-L1 - suprapubic pain
Supplied by inferior mesenteric artery
44
Sites of portal-systemic anastamosis
Lower end of the oesophagus
Anal canal
Anterior abdominal wall
Posterior abdominal wall
45
Cauda equina compression - nerve roots
L3-S4
46
Internal iliac artery
Provides most of the blood supply to the pelvis
| Major branch is the pudenal artery
47
External iliac artery
Gives rise to deep circumflex and inferior epigastric arteries and the femoral artery in the groin
48
Artery eroded by ulcer in first part of duodenum
Gastroduodenal artery
49
Artery eroded by ulcer in stomach
Splenic artery
50
Supply of the right coronary artery
```
SA node (55% of people)
AV node (90% of people)
Right atrium
Right ventricle (most of)
Diaphragmatic part of left ventricle
Posterior 1/3 of inter ventricular septum
```
51
Supply of the left coronary artery
```
SA node (45% of people)
AV node (10% of people)
AV bundle
Left atrium
Left ventricle (most of)
Part of right ventricle
Anterior 2/3 of interventricular septum
```
52
Sternal angle (Angle of Louis)
```
2nd costal cartilage
IV disc T4/5
Passage of thoracic duct from right to left
Aortic arch start and end
Tracheal bifurcation
End of azygous system into SVC
Ligamentum arteriosum
Loop of the recurrent laryngeal nerve around aortic arch Superior border of inferior mediastinum
```
53
Points where parietal pleura are vulnerable to penetrating injury
Above 1st rib
Right cost-xiphisternal angle (6th rib)
Costovertebral angle (below 12th rib)
54
Dorsal Scapular Nerve
Rhomboids
| Levator scapulae
55
Long Thoracic Nerve
Serratus anterior
56
Suprascapular nerve
Supraspinatus
| Infraspinatus
57
Nerve to Subclavius
Subclavius
58
Lateral pectoral Nerve
1/2 Pectoralis Major
59
Medial pectoral Nerve
1/2 of pectoralis major
| Pectoralis minor
60
Musculocutaenous Nerve
Biceps brachii
Brachialis
Coracobrachialis
61
Upper Subscapular nerve
1/2 of subscapularis
62
Lower subscapular nerve
Teres major
| 1/2 of subscapularis
63
```
Thoracodorsalis nerve
(Middle Subscapular Nerve)
```
Latissimus dorsi
64
Axillary nerve
Deltoid
| Teres minor
65
Protrusion of the medial border of the scapular. What nerve is injured
Long thoracic nerve
66
Fracture of the surgical neck of humerus. Best examination to assess neurological status
Sensation over deltoid
67
Fractured neck of humerous with damage to the axillary nerve. Function that is most likely to be impaired:
Abduction of the shoulder
68
Nerve and artery in the quadrangular space (humerus)
Axillary nerve and posterior circumflex humeral artery
69
Fracture of the clavical resulting in injury to the brachial plexus. Which part is likely to be damaged?
Divisions
70
Fracture of the humerus after a MVA. Results in:
Inability to extend the wrist due to radial nerve injury
71
Incorect use of crutches resulting in weakness in extension of theforearm and wrist and loss of sensation over the first web space on the dorsum of the hand. Nerve affected
Radial nerve above the point of innervation of the triceps
72
Apical carcinoma with wasting of the dorsal interossei. This is due to compression of the:
T1 nerve root
73
Patient has pain and paraesthesia of the thumb, index and middle finger. Nerve most likely affected:
Median nerve
74
Where the sciatic nerve passes, in relation to the sciatic foramen and piriformis
Through the greater sciatic foramen and inferior to piriformis
75
Trendelenburg sign - nerve affected
Superior gluteal nerve
76
Tight below the knee cast compressing the common fibular nerve. Structure most likely affected
Tibialis anterior
77
Foot drop and inability to evert the foot. Damage to:
Common fibular nerve
78
Patient presents with altered sensation of the lateral aspect of the foot. Nerve most likely affected:
Sural nerve
79
Biceps jerk nerve roots
C5, C6
80
Triceps jerk nerve roots
C7, C8
81
Brachioradialis jerk
C5, C6
82
Knee jerk nerve roots
L3, L4
83
Ankle jerk nerve roots
S1, S2
84
Erb's palsy
Waiters tip - stretch/rupture of the upper trunk of the plexusC5,6 paralysis and wasting
85
Klumpke's palsy
Claw handUlnar and radial nervesC8, T1
86
"Ape hand" at wrist
Median nerve
87
"Hand of benediction" near the elbow
Median nerve
88
"Ulnar claw" at wrist
Ulnar nerve
89
"Wrist drop"
Radial nerve
90
"Foot drop"
Fibular or sciatic nerve
91
Sciatic Nerve spinal levels
L4-S3
92
Sciatic Nerve
| Innervation
Entire lower leg (besides the medial side) via the tibial and common fibular nerves
