Cardiac

Question 1

Pericardium

Answer 1

Double-walled fibrous sac that holds heart, great vessels and pericardial fluid. Protects and lubricates heart.

Question 2

The great vessels include

Answer 2

Superior Vena Cava
Inferior Vena Cava
Pulmonary Artery
Pulmonary veins
Aorta

Question 3

Preload

Answer 3

Initial stretching of the cardiac myocytes prior to contraction

Question 4

Afterload

Answer 4

“Load” that heart must eject blood against.

Question 5

Systole

Answer 5

Cardiac contraction.

Question 6

Diastole

Answer 6

Cardiac relaxation. Chambers fill with blood. Diastole of atria precede that of ventricles.

Question 7

S1

Answer 7

Produced by the closure of the mistral and tricuspid valves. Marks beginning of systole.

Question 8

S2

Answer 8

Produced by the closure of the aortic and pulmonic valves. Marks end of systole.

Question 9

S3

Answer 9

Passive filling of ventricles during diastole.

Question 10

S4

Answer 10

Atrial contraction to expel remaining blood into ventricle.

Question 11

S3 Gallop

Answer 11

Heart sound sometimes heard. Sound of ventricle making when it is forced to dilate beyond normal range due to volume overload.

Question 12

S4 Gallop

Answer 12

Late diastole sound. “Atrial kick” as atrium work to expel last bit of blood into ventricle. Hear when ventricle is stiff and noncompliant.

Question 13

Murmur

Answer 13

Abnormal or turbulent flow through a valve.

Question 14

Thrill

Answer 14

Palpable murmur. Signifies turbulent flow. Associated with congenital and valvular abnormalities.

Question 15

Heave/lift

Answer 15

Sustained palpable movements of localized area of precordium due to increased intensity of systolic contraction.

Question 16

Heave

Answer 16

More pronounced lift

Question 17

Lift

Answer 17

RV hypertrophy. Palpated lift.

Question 18

Situs inversus/dextrocardia

Answer 18

Inversion/transposition of body viscera in which heart is on the right side of the body, and liver left.

Question 19

Rub

Answer 19

Audible rub due to rubbing of opposing, inflamed serous surfaces (ex: pericarditis).

Question 20

Click.

Answer 20

Classically heart with mitral valve prolapse. Heard during mid or late systole. Often accompanied with late systolic murmur indicative of mitral regurgitation.

Question 21

Snap

Answer 21

Associated with aortic stenosis. AV valves are normally silent. With thickening or deformities of the leaflets, a sound is generated with opening of these valves.

Question 22

Aortic focus (heart auscultation)

Answer 22

2nd R ICS.

Question 23

Pulmonic focus (heart auscultation)

Answer 23

2nd left ICS.

Question 24

Erb’s point (heart auscultation)

Answer 24

Good for S2 sounds. 3rd left ICS.

Question 25

Tricuspid (heart auscultation)

Answer 25

4th left ICS.

Question 26

Mitral focus (heart auscultation)

Answer 26

Best for S1 sounds. 5th ICS @ midclavicular line