Cardiac

Question 1

What are the 2 main components of blood?

Answer 1

-Plasma: 55%
-Formed Elements: 45%

Question 2

What causes the lubb-dubb sound?

Answer 2

Blood turbulence of valves closing
Lubb(S1): atrioventricular valves closing
Dubb(S2): semilunar valves closing

Question 3

Describe the pathway of blood in the heart by chamber?

Answer 3

Right Atrium
Right Ventricle
Pulmonary
Left Atrium
Left Ventricle
Systemic

Question 4

3 steps of hemostasis?

Answer 4

-Vascular Spasm
-Platelet Plug
-Blood Clot (coagulation)

Question 5

2 layers of pericardium?

Answer 5

-Fibrous(outer sac)
-Serous(has 2 layers: parietal stuck to fibrous, and visceral(epicardium), between is serious fluid)

Question 6

Describe the conduction pathway of the heart?

Answer 6

-SA node: 60-100bpm
-AV node: 40-60bpm
-Bundle of His
-Left and Right Bundle Branches
-Purkinje Fibres

Question 7

3 factors that effect stroke volume?

Answer 7

-Preload
-Afterload
-Contractility

Question 8

Cardiac Output =

Answer 8

CO = Stroke Volume(SV)(ml/beat) x Heart Rate (HR)(bpm)

Question 9

3 functions of blood?

Answer 9

-transport
-regulation
-protection

Question 10

Average volume of blood in a person?

Answer 10

5-6L males
4-5L females

Question 11

7 pulses to know?

Answer 11

-Carotid
-Brachial
-Radial
-Femoral
-Popliteal
-Posterior Tibial
-Dorsalis Pedis

Question 12

Blood pressure is determined by?

Answer 12

-CO
-Blood Volume
-Vascular Resistance

Question 13

What are the 3 types of circulation?

Answer 13

-cardiac
-pulmonary
-systemic

Question 14

Normal bp?
Hypertension?
Hypotension?

Answer 14

120/80mmHG

Hyper: >140 systolic (not “emergent”, “hypertensive crisis” is 180+)
Hypo: <90 systolic

Question 15

Normal hr?
Tachycardia?
Bradycardia?

Answer 15

60-100bpm

Tachy: >100
Brady: <60

Question 16

ECG:
Atrial depolarization?
Atrial repolarization?
Ventricular depolarization?
Ventricular repolarization?

Answer 16

Atrial de: P wave
Atrial re: QRS (overshadowed)
Vent de: QRS
Vent re: T wave

Question 17

ECG: Which rhythms are shockable?

Answer 17

V tach (100-120, QRS >0.12, irregular, too fast to properly fill)
V fib (irregular, uncoordinated electrical activity of ventricles)

Question 18

ECG: Describe AFib?

Answer 18

Irregular isoelectric line, no P waves.
Blood not being well pushed out of atria so there is increased clot formation, & stroke/PE risk.
Rx anticoagulant

Question 19

Describe DVT:
Risk factors?
S&S?

Answer 19

Risk factors:
-Inactivity (sedentary like long travel or work sitting in desk)
-Recent Surgery
-Obesity
-Smoking
-Age
-Pregnancy and Birth Control Meds

S&S: pain, swelling, or no symptoms

Risk of clot moving and causing PE, Stroke, MI

Rx: anticoagulants

Question 20

Right & Left coronary arteries are filled how?

Answer 20

Off Aorta, during diastole blood flows down into them

Question 21

An aortic dissection is tearing of what?

Answer 21

The tunica intima from the tunica media. The high pressure causes continues tearing as blood gets in the walls of the artery. Symptoms include words like ‘ripping’ and ‘tearing’.

Question 22

What difference in location is there between an AAA(abdominal aortic aneurysm) and a Thoracic Aortic Dissection?

Answer 22

AAA is lower than the renal arteries you may see the abdomen pulsating.

Question 23

What part of the brain sets the heart rate?

Answer 23

Medulla Oblongata

Question 24

What’s an anastomosis?

Answer 24

Also called collateral circulation. Areas where there are multiple routes for blood to supply an area in case one route gets blocked.

Question 25

Red blood cells get broken down where?

Answer 25

Spleen breaks RBCs down.

Hemoglobin(O2 carrying protein of RBCs) gets recycled as follows:

Liver receives heme which becomes bilirubin then bile.
Red bone marrow receives iron(Fe) which is stored as Ferritin until new RBCs made.