Cardiac

Question 1

What is the mechanism of Thiazide Diuretics?

Answer 1

Increases excretion of sodium and water by inhibiting reabsorption in the distal tubule.

Question 2

What are the uses of Thiazide Diuretics?

Answer 2

Treats hypertension and edema.

Question 3

What are the side effects of Thiazide Diuretics?

Answer 3

Hypokalemia, dehydration, hyperglycemia.

Question 4

What is a key point to remember when using Thiazide Diuretics?

Answer 4

Monitor potassium levels.

Question 5

What is the mechanism of High Ceiling Loop Diuretics?

Answer 5

Inhibits sodium and chloride reabsorption in the loop of Henle.

Question 6

What are the uses of High Ceiling Loop Diuretics?

Answer 6

Treats pulmonary edema, hypertension, and heart failure.

Question 7

What are the side effects of High Ceiling Loop Diuretics?

Answer 7

Hypokalemia, dehydration, ototoxicity.

Question 8

What is a key point to remember when using High Ceiling Loop Diuretics?

Answer 8

Monitor for low potassium, kidney function, and hearing changes.

Question 9

What is the mechanism of Potassium-Sparing Diuretics?

Answer 9

Antagonizes aldosterone receptors, leading to sodium excretion and potassium retention.

Question 10

What are the uses of Potassium-Sparing Diuretics?

Answer 10

Often used in heart failure and hypertension.

Question 11

What are the side effects of Potassium-Sparing Diuretics?

Answer 11

Hyperkalemia, gynecomastia.

Question 12

What is a key point to remember when using Potassium-Sparing Diuretics?

Answer 12

Avoid potassium supplements.

Question 13

What is the mechanism of Beta Blockers?

Answer 13

Blocks beta receptors, reducing heart rate and contractility.

Question 14

What are the uses of Beta Blockers?

Answer 14

Hypertension, angina, heart failure.

Question 15

What are the side effects of Beta Blockers?

Answer 15

Bradycardia, hypotension, fatigue.

Question 16

What is a key point to remember when using Beta Blockers?

Answer 16

Do not stop abruptly; may worsen angina.

Question 17

What is the mechanism of Calcium Channel Blockers?

Answer 17

Inhibits calcium ions in vascular smooth muscle and myocardium, leading to vasodilation.

Question 18

What are the uses of Calcium Channel Blockers?

Answer 18

Hypertension, angina.

Question 19

What are the side effects of Calcium Channel Blockers?

Answer 19

Edema, dizziness, hypotension.

Question 20

What is a key point to remember when using Calcium Channel Blockers?

Answer 20

Monitor blood pressure regularly.

Question 21

What is the mechanism of ACE Inhibitors?

Answer 21

Inhibits ACE, reducing angiotensin II, which lowers blood pressure.

Question 22

What are the uses of ACE Inhibitors?

Answer 22

Hypertension, heart failure, diabetic nephropathy.

Question 23

What are the side effects of ACE Inhibitors?

Answer 23

Cough, hyperkalemia, angioedema.

Question 24

What is a key point to remember when using ACE Inhibitors?

Answer 24

Avoid in pregnancy; monitor potassium.

Question 25

What is the mechanism of ARBs?

Answer 25

Blocks angiotensin II receptors, lowering blood pressure.

Question 26

What are the uses of ARBs?

Answer 26

Hypertension, heart failure.

Question 27

What are the side effects of ARBs?

Answer 27

Dizziness, hyperkalemia.

Question 28

What is a key point to remember when using ARBs?

Answer 28

Often used if ACE inhibitors cause cough.

Question 29

What is the mechanism of Cardiac Glycosides?

Answer 29

Increases myocardial contractility and decreases heart rate.

Question 30

What are the uses of Cardiac Glycosides?

Answer 30

Heart failure, atrial fibrillation.

Question 31

What are the side effects of Cardiac Glycosides?

Answer 31

Toxicity (nausea, vision changes), bradycardia.

Question 32

What is a key point to remember when using Cardiac Glycosides?

Answer 32

Monitor digoxin levels and renal function.

Question 33

What is the mechanism of Nitrates?

Answer 33

Causes vasodilation, reducing myocardial oxygen demand.

Question 34

What are the uses of Nitrates?

Answer 34

Angina relief.

Question 35

What are the side effects of Nitrates?

Answer 35

Headache, hypotension, dizziness.

Question 36

What is a key point to remember when using Nitrates?

Answer 36

Do not take with phosphodiesterase inhibitors (e.g., sildenafil).

Question 37

What is the mechanism of Anticoagulants?

Answer 37

Inhibits factors in the clotting cascade.

Question 38

What are the uses of Anticoagulants?

Answer 38

Prevents clot formation in conditions like DVT, PE.

Question 39

What are the side effects of Anticoagulants?

Answer 39

Bleeding, thrombocytopenia.

Question 40

What is a key point to remember when using Anticoagulants?

Answer 40

Heparin requires monitoring of aPTT; Lovenox is often preferred for outpatient.

Question 41

What is the mechanism of Vitamin K Antagonists?

Answer 41

Inhibits vitamin K-dependent clotting factors.

Question 42

What are the uses of Vitamin K Antagonists?

Answer 42

Long-term prevention of DVT, PE, and stroke in AFib.

Question 43

What are the side effects of Vitamin K Antagonists?

Answer 43

Bleeding, bruising.

Question 44

What is a key point to remember when using Vitamin K Antagonists?

Answer 44

Monitor INR levels; vitamin K is the antidote.

Question 45

What is the purpose of Antidotes like Vitamin K and Protamine Sulfate?

Answer 45

Vitamin K reverses Warfarin effects; Protamine Sulfate is an antidote for heparin overdose.

Question 46

What is a key point to remember when using Antidotes?

Answer 46

Used only in cases of significant bleeding or toxicity.

Question 47

What is the mechanism of Antiplatelets?

Answer 47

Inhibits platelet aggregation.

Question 48

What are the uses of Antiplatelets?

Answer 48

Prevents arterial clots, stroke, MI.

Question 49

What are the side effects of Antiplatelets?

Answer 49

Bleeding, GI upset.

Question 50

What is a key point to remember when using Antiplatelets?

Answer 50

Monitor for signs of bleeding, especially with other anticoagulants.

Question 51

What is the mechanism of Statins?

Answer 51

Inhibits cholesterol synthesis in the liver.

Question 52

What are the uses of Statins?

Answer 52

Lowers LDL cholesterol, reduces cardiovascular risk.

Question 53

What are the side effects of Statins?

Answer 53

Muscle pain, liver enzyme elevation.

Question 54

What is a key point to remember when using Statins?

Answer 54

Monitor liver function; avoid grapefruit juice.