Cardiac Flashcards
Pulmonary Edema:
Left ventricle fails to eject sufficient amount of blood and pressure increases in lungs. Increased pressure causes fluid to leak across pulmonary capillaries and into lung airways and tissues.
Pulmonary Edema Causes:
*Fluid overload
*MI
*Mitral valve disease
*Dysrhythmias
PE CM:
*Crackles
*Dyspnea
*Confusion
*Tachycardia
*Hyper- or Hypotension
*Reduced urinary output
*Cough w/ frothy pink tinged sputum
*Premature ventricular contractions
*Anxiety
*Restlessness
*Lethargy
PE Interventions:
*Monitor vital signs
*High Fowler’s
*High-flow oxygen therapy
*Aggressive pulmonary therapy: CPAP, BiPAP, intubation, or mechanical ventilation.
*Medications: Sublingual nitroglycerin and IV diuretics (furosemide or bumetanide).
Vascular Heart Disease:
General term for conditions affecting heart or blood vessels. Associated with/ atherosclerosis and increased risk of blood clots.
Vascular Heart Disease CM:
*Fatigue
*Dyspnea
*Angina
*Dysrythmias
*Edema
Vascular Heart Disease Diagnostics:
*Echocardiogram
*Transesophageal Echocardiogram
*Chest x-ray
*ECG
Vascular Heart Disease Treatment:
*Depends on valve affected and degree of impairment.
Infective Endocarditis:
Infection of endocardium - often S. Viridans or S. Aureus.
Infective Endocarditis Causes:
*IV Drug Use
*Valve replacement
*Systemic infection
*Structural cardiac defects
Infective Endocarditis CM:
*Fever
*Chills
*Night Sweats
*Malaise
*Fatigue
*Anorexia
*Weight Loss
*Cardiac Murmur
*Petechiae
*Splinter Hemorrhages
Infective Endocarditis Diagnostics:
*Positive blood cultures
*Echocardiogram
Infective Endocarditis Interventions:
*IV antimicrobials for 4-6 weeks
*Rest
*Surgical management if antibiotics are ineffective.
Acute Pericarditis:
Inflammation or alteration of the pericardium.
Acute Pericarditis CM:
*Substernal precordial pain that radiates to left side of neck, shoulder, or back.
*Pain that’s grating, and aggravated by breathing, coughing, and swallowing.
*Pericardial friction rub.
*Fever w/ elevated WBC count.
Acute Pericarditis Treatment:
*NSAIDs
*Corticosteroids
*IV Antibiotics
No aspirin/anticoagulants
Cardiomyopathy:
Subacute or chronic disease of cardiac muscle. Heart becomes thick, rigid, and tissue can be replaced w/ scar tissue.
Cardiomyopathy Four Categories:
*Dilated
*Hypertrophic
*Restrictive
*Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy
Based n abnormalities in structure and function of heart.
Right Sided HF:
Occurs when right ventricle cannot empty effectively.
Cause: Left ventricle failure, right ventricular MI, pulmonary hypertension or chronic lung disease.
Right Sided HF CM:
*Jugular distention
*Enlarged liver and spleen
*Anorexia and nausea
*Dependent Edema (legs/sacrum)
*Distended abdomen
*Swollen hands and fingers
*Polyuria at night
*Weight Gain
*Increased BP
*Decreased BP
Left-Sided HF:
Caused by decreased tissue perfusion from poor cardiac output and pulmonary congestion. Divided into systolic and diastolic HF.
Systolic HF:
Occurs when heart cannot contract forcefully enough to eject adequate blood.
Diastolic HF:
Occurs when ventricle cannot relax adequately during diastole preventing adequate filling of blood.
Left-Sided HF Cause:
*Hypertension
*CAD
*Valvular Disease
Left-Sided HF: Symptoms Indicating Pulmonary Congestion:
*Hacking Cough
*Dyspnea
*Crackles/wheezes in lungs
*Pink frothy sputum
*Tachypnea
*Gallop in heart sounds (S3 and/or S4)
Left-Sided HF: Symptoms Indicating Decreased Cardiac Output:
*Fatigue
*Weakness
*Oliguria day/polyuria night
*Angina
*Confusion
*Dizziness
*Pallor
*Cool extremities
*Tachycardia
*Weak peripheral pulses
