Cardiac

Question 1

Pulmonary Edema:

Answer 1

Left ventricle fails to eject sufficient amount of blood and pressure increases in lungs. Increased pressure causes fluid to leak across pulmonary capillaries and into lung airways and tissues.

Question 2

Pulmonary Edema Causes:

Answer 2

*Fluid overload
*MI
*Mitral valve disease
*Dysrhythmias

Question 3

PE CM:

Answer 3

*Crackles
*Dyspnea
*Confusion
*Tachycardia
*Hyper- or Hypotension
*Reduced urinary output
*Cough w/ frothy pink tinged sputum
*Premature ventricular contractions
*Anxiety
*Restlessness
*Lethargy

Question 4

PE Interventions:

Answer 4

*Monitor vital signs
*High Fowler’s
*High-flow oxygen therapy
*Aggressive pulmonary therapy: CPAP, BiPAP, intubation, or mechanical ventilation.
*Medications: Sublingual nitroglycerin and IV diuretics (furosemide or bumetanide).

Question 5

Vascular Heart Disease:

Answer 5

General term for conditions affecting heart or blood vessels. Associated with/ atherosclerosis and increased risk of blood clots.

Question 6

Vascular Heart Disease CM:

Answer 6

*Fatigue
*Dyspnea
*Angina
*Dysrythmias
*Edema

Question 7

Vascular Heart Disease Diagnostics:

Answer 7

*Echocardiogram
*Transesophageal Echocardiogram
*Chest x-ray
*ECG

Question 8

Vascular Heart Disease Treatment:

Answer 8

*Depends on valve affected and degree of impairment.

Question 9

Infective Endocarditis:

Answer 9

Infection of endocardium - often S. Viridans or S. Aureus.

Question 10

Infective Endocarditis Causes:

Answer 10

*IV Drug Use
*Valve replacement
*Systemic infection
*Structural cardiac defects

Question 11

Infective Endocarditis CM:

Answer 11

*Fever
*Chills
*Night Sweats
*Malaise
*Fatigue
*Anorexia
*Weight Loss
*Cardiac Murmur
*Petechiae
*Splinter Hemorrhages

Question 12

Infective Endocarditis Diagnostics:

Answer 12

*Positive blood cultures
*Echocardiogram

Question 13

Infective Endocarditis Interventions:

Answer 13

*IV antimicrobials for 4-6 weeks
*Rest
*Surgical management if antibiotics are ineffective.

Question 14

Acute Pericarditis:

Answer 14

Inflammation or alteration of the pericardium.

Question 15

Acute Pericarditis CM:

Answer 15

*Substernal precordial pain that radiates to left side of neck, shoulder, or back.
*Pain that’s grating, and aggravated by breathing, coughing, and swallowing.
*Pericardial friction rub.
*Fever w/ elevated WBC count.

Question 16

Acute Pericarditis Treatment:

Answer 16

*NSAIDs
*Corticosteroids
*IV Antibiotics

No aspirin/anticoagulants

Question 17

Cardiomyopathy:

Answer 17

Subacute or chronic disease of cardiac muscle. Heart becomes thick, rigid, and tissue can be replaced w/ scar tissue.

Question 18

Cardiomyopathy Four Categories:

Answer 18

*Dilated
*Hypertrophic
*Restrictive
*Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy

Based n abnormalities in structure and function of heart.

Question 19

Right Sided HF:

Answer 19

Occurs when right ventricle cannot empty effectively.

Cause: Left ventricle failure, right ventricular MI, pulmonary hypertension or chronic lung disease.

Question 20

Right Sided HF CM:

Answer 20

*Jugular distention
*Enlarged liver and spleen
*Anorexia and nausea
*Dependent Edema (legs/sacrum)
*Distended abdomen
*Swollen hands and fingers
*Polyuria at night
*Weight Gain
*Increased BP
*Decreased BP

Question 21

Left-Sided HF:

Answer 21

Caused by decreased tissue perfusion from poor cardiac output and pulmonary congestion. Divided into systolic and diastolic HF.

Question 22

Systolic HF:

Answer 22

Occurs when heart cannot contract forcefully enough to eject adequate blood.

Question 23

Diastolic HF:

Answer 23

Occurs when ventricle cannot relax adequately during diastole preventing adequate filling of blood.

Question 24

Left-Sided HF Cause:

Answer 24

*Hypertension
*CAD
*Valvular Disease

Question 25

Left-Sided HF: Symptoms Indicating Pulmonary Congestion:

Answer 25

*Hacking Cough
*Dyspnea
*Crackles/wheezes in lungs
*Pink frothy sputum
*Tachypnea
*Gallop in heart sounds (S3 and/or S4)

Question 26

Left-Sided HF: Symptoms Indicating Decreased Cardiac Output:

Answer 26

*Fatigue
*Weakness
*Oliguria day/polyuria night
*Angina
*Confusion
*Dizziness
*Pallor
*Cool extremities
*Tachycardia
*Weak peripheral pulses