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Med Surg 1 > Cardiac > Flashcards

Cardiac Flashcards

1
Q

What is diastole?

A

Relaxation

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2
Q

What is systole?

A

Contraction

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3
Q

How do you calculate cardiac output?

A

Heartrate X stroke volume

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4
Q

What is ejection fraction

A

percentage of blood ejected from the ventricles.

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5
Q

What is a normal ejection fraction

A

50-70 percent

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6
Q

What is preload

A

end-diastolic pressure after ventricles have filled
The amount of ventricular stretch at the end of diastole

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7
Q

What is afterload

A

Resistance the ventricles face when ejecting blood

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8
Q

What is SVR

A

systemic vascular resistance

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9
Q

What is contractility

A

The force of contraction or stretch

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10
Q

What is the SA node? What is the BPM?

A

The pacemaker of the heart, 60-100 BPM

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11
Q

What is the AV node?

A

It delays the impulse sent by the SA node

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12
Q

What are bundle branches? and Purkinje fibers?

A

These are fibers that carry the signal from the AV node, through the septum of the heart and deep into the myocardium

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13
Q

Depolarization is what?

A

Ion exchange and then contraction

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14
Q

What is repolarization?

A

Myocardial rest, the muscle gets ready for the next depolarization

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15
Q

What are some things you would find during a physical assessment

A

Appearance (pale, diaphoresis, ashy)
Skin (coolness)
Pulses (weak and diminished)
Blood pressure (high or low) orthostatic?
arterial pulses (apical is most reliable, pulses may be bounding or absent)
Jugular venous pulsations
Heart inspection, palpation, and auscultation

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16
Q

What electrolytes should be looked at

A

Na, K, Mag, Ca, Phos

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17
Q

What about blood chemistry should be looked at

A

Hematology and coagulation studies

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18
Q

What does HGB A1C have to do with cardiac

A

High blood sugar can cause a hardening of the arteries and become blocked over time

19
Q

The lipid profile look at? what should the levels be

A

HDL >35
LDL <100
total cholesterol <200

20
Q

B type natriuretic peptide

A

regulates BP and FV

21
Q

Where does B-type natriuretic peptide come from?

A

Secreted by ventricles in heart failure
BNP >100 suggests HF

22
Q

C reactive protein

A

liver produces in response to inflammation which indicates CAD
CRP >3 suggests greater risk for CVD

23
Q

Troponin

A

Released by the heart from muscle death

24
Q

How long does troponin stay in the blood

A

6-12 hours before it shows up
stays for 1-2 weeks
After heart attack, it never goes back down to normal, it will always be present

25
Q

Where is time on ECG paper

A

Horizontal
Seconds

26
Q

Where is amplitude on ECG paper

A

Vertical

27
Q

What does the height of the ECG show

A

How well the electrical activity is conducting

28
Q

How long are ECG strips

A

6 second strips

29
Q

What can affect the amplitude of an ECG

A

The amount of tissue between the signal and the lead

30
Q

Normal sinus

A

60-100 BPM
has PQRST
Regular

31
Q

Brady sinus

A

less than 60 BPM
Has PQRST
regular

32
Q

Tachy sinus

A

Greater than 100 BPM
Has PQRST
regular

33
Q

Asystole

A

no BPM
NO PQRST
…

34
Q

A-fib

A

can occur at any BPM
no real P wave
irregular pattern

35
Q

Atrial flutter

A

Can occur at any BPM
many P waves for every QRS complex
regular or irregular

36
Q

How long should a p wave be

A

<0.12 seconds

37
Q

How long should the QRS complex be

A

0.06-0.1 seconds

38
Q

How long should the PR interval be

A

0.12-0.20 seconds

39
Q

How long should the QT interval be?

A

0.32-0.44 seconds
roughly half the heart rate

40
Q

Nursing considerations for cardiac stress testing

A

Some meds may be held
avoid caffeine prior
fast for several hours prior
Place an IV

41
Q

What can be measured during a cardiac echo

A

Noninvasive
Measure ejection fraction
Examine size, shape, and motion of structure

42
Q

What is a cardiac catherization

A

Invasive procedure
used to diagnosis structural and functional diseases of the heart and great vessels
Right heart cath - pulmonary artery pressure can be measured, O2 sat can be obtained, biopsy
Left heart cath - involves contrast

43
Q

Nursing interventions for cardiac cath

A

observe the catheter site for bleeding
Assess peripheral pulses
evaluate temp, color, and capillary refill of affected extremities
Maintain bedrest for 2-6 hours
Monitor for contrast-induced nephropathy

Med Surg 1 (3 decks)

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