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Cardiac/Respiratory Pathology > Cardiac > Flashcards

Cardiac Flashcards

1
Q

Define COD

A

Atheroma Formation in the Coronary Arteries

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2
Q

What is a main cause of CHD?

A

Myocardial Ischaemia

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3
Q

Unmodifiable Risk Factors for an Atheroma

A

Increasing Age
Sex
Genetics

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4
Q

Modifiable Risk Factors:

A

Smoking
Hypertension
Obesity

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5
Q

How is Increasing Age a risk factor for an atheroma?

A

Loss of ability to repair endothelial damage
Plaque matuaration

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6
Q

Define Dyslipidaemia

A

abnormal concentrations of serum lipoproteins and triglycerides

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7
Q

What are LDL’s

A

Deliver Cholesterol from lipid stores to peripheral tissue

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8
Q

What are HDL’s

A

Transport cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver for excretion

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9
Q

How is Smoking a Risk Factor?

A

Toxic Chemicals contribute to impaired cellular function-inflammation-injury

Increases Vasomotor Tone

Increases platelet aggreation and adhvesivenss

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10
Q

How is Hypertension a risk factor?

A

140/90 risk factor

Increases sheer stress in vessels-damage to endothelium

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11
Q

How is Diabetes a Risk Factor?

A

2 times the risk for AMI

Insulin Resistance:
Pro-Inflammatory Spate
Hyperlipidaemia

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12
Q

Metabolic Syndrome Criteria:

A

Visceral Obesity-
Low HDL’s
Insulin Resistance

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13
Q

Discuss Plaque Structure

A

Fibrous Cap-cells and connective tissue matrix

Cells-macrophages-foam cells-smooth mm cells-lymphocytes

Connective Tissue Matrix- Collagen Fibres, Elastin-Proteoglycans

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14
Q

what forms the centre of the plaque

A

necrotic mass of lipid

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14
Q

How do Plaques damage?

A

Endothelial Damage
Chronic Inflammation

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14
Q

Define Angina

A

Chest pain caused by myocardial infarction

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14
Q

Complications of a Plaque

A

Thrombus Formation
Aneurysm

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15
Q

Define Stable Angina

A

50-70 occulsion
gradula narrowing of the coronary artery lumen

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15
Q

Actue Coronary Syndromes

A

umbrella term for unstable angina and acute myocaridal infartion
* due to thrombus foramtion over a ruptured or ulcreaed arthoscletoic plaque

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16
Q

Unstbale Agina

A
  • form of acute coronary syndrome reversibel myocardial ischaemia
  • due to sevre blockage
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17
Q

What is it AMI

A
  • Myocyte Necrosis
  • Prolonged Ischaemia
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18
Q

Site-Quality-Radiations-Agg-Rel Factors for Stable Angina

A
  • Central Chest
  • Compresive/Sqeezing
  • Arms-Left
  • Exercise-Emotional Stressors Agg
  • Rest, anti-anginal med Rel
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19
Q

Ssx of Stable Angina

A

Dyspnoea-Palipations-Pallor-Nausea-Sevre Fatigue

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20
Q

Most Cardiac Nociception accompany?

A

Sympahtetic Fibres

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21
Q

Un-Stable Angina Signs

A

Occurs at Rest
New Onset
Increasing in Intensity, Duration or Frequency

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22
Q

Cause of Actute MyoCaridal Infarction

A

Ulcertation/ruputre of the plaque-thormbosis

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23
Q

Classic Presentation of AMI

A

Sevre RetroSternal Pain
Radiation PAttern to Angina

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24
Q

Ssx of AMI

A

Dyspnoea-Pallor-Nausea
Tachycardia-tachypnoea

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25
Q

Complications of AMI

A

Heart Failure-Arrythmias-Percarditis

26
Q

Define Hypertension

A

Consistent elevation of Systemic Artieal Blood Pressure

27
Q

Blood Pressure Rating

A

120-129-less than 80
High-130/80/84
Grade 1-mild 140-159-90-99
Grade 2-moderate-160-179-100
Grade 3 severe-180-110

28
Q

Risk Factors for Primary HTN

A
  • Family History
  • Advancing Age
  • SMoking
  • Obesity
29
Q

Causes of Secondary HTN

A

Renal Disease
Endocrine Disease

30
Q

Pathological Vessel Changes

A
  • Increased atheroma
  • Development of arteirolosclerosis
31
Q

Clinical Features of HTN

A

Heaache potenially
No early ssx

32
Q

Complications of HTN

A

AMI
Stroke
Aortic Aneurysm

33
Q

Pharmacological Managment of HTN

A
  • Beta Blockers
  • Diuretics
  • ACE inhibtors
  • Angiotensin 2 Receptor Blockers
  • Calcium Channel Blockers
34
Q

Define Stenosis

A

valve is less flexible and produces resistance to normla blood flow

35
Q

Regurgtion Define

A

valve that cant close completey and allows blood to pass back through it

36
Q

Common Aetiologies of Vavular Disorders

A
  • Cogential Valve Deformitiy
  • Degenerative changes with ageing-hypertension
  • Infection`
37
Q

Systolic Murmur is heard when there is?

A

Aortic Stenosis

38
Q

Diastolic Murmur is heard when there is?

A

Aortic Regurgitation

39
Q

Mitral Stenosis results in?

A

Diastolic Murmur

40
Q

Mitral Reguritation causes

A

Systolic Murmur

41
Q

In a case Stenosis the murmur will occur when the valve is?

A

Open

42
Q

In the case of Regurgitation the murmur are heard when the valve is?

A

Closes

43
Q

Artial Fibrillation Define

A

Abnormality of rate, regularity site of impulse origin or sequence of depolarisation

44
Q

Disorers of Impulse Formation is from the?

A

SA Node

45
Q

Disorders of impulse conduction are through?

A

Conducting system of the heart

46
Q

Risk Factors of Artial Fibrillation

A
  • Family History
  • Obesity
  • Alcohol-Caffiene
47
Q

PathoPhysiology of AF

A

ectopic signals orginating from pace-maker cells within the atria

48
Q

Clincal Features of AF

A

Papitations-Dyspnoea-Weakness/fatige
Hypertension-Angina

49
Q

Pharamcoloigcal Managament of AF

A

Rate Control
Rhytm
Anti-Coagulant

50
Q

Define Heart Failure

A

Gradual Failure to Main C.O despite normal blood volume

51
Q

Systolic Failue refers to?

A

Inability of the heart to generate an adquete Cardiac OutPut to perfuse vital organs

52
Q

Diastolic Failure Refers to

A

decreaed compliacne of the Lt Ventricle

53
Q

What can Diastolic failure lead to?

A

if pressure is reflected back into the pulomary circulation it can lead to pulmonary oedema

54
Q

Cause of LEFT Side Heart Failure

A

AMI
Hypertension
Aortic/Mitral Valve Disease

55
Q

r

Aeitoloy of right Heart heart failure

A

Left Sided Heart Failure
Pulmonary Lung Disease
Pulomary-Tricuspid Valve Disease

56
Q

Sustained Systemic HTN afects?

A

the afterload

57
Q

What are problems with the Left Ventricle undergoign remodelling?

A

Ischamia
Disruption of Extra-Cellular Matrix
Progressive dysfunction of contractile myocytes

58
Q

Right Sided Failure affects?

A

afterload for the Rt Ventricle

59
Q

Clinical Features of Heart Failure

A

Cardiomegaly-aptical heart beat
* Features of Inadquete CO-Fatigue/weakness/chest pain/dizziness, Tachycardia
* Swelling ankles and legs

60
Q

4 general mechanisms to IDA

A
  • loss or iron due to a bleeding
  • Inadequaute iron diet
  • Malabsoprtion
  • Increased Requirment
61
Q

*

Who is at increased risk for HTN?

A
  • Women in their productive years
  • GIT bleesing
  • Inadqeuete dietary inkae
    *
62
Q

Pahtophysiology of IDA

A

RBc’s become mircocytic
Hypchromic

63
Q

Anaemia Symtopms

A

fatigue, sob, diziness, palpitations

64
Q

signs of anaemia

A

pallor of skin, mucous membrane, conjuctivae

65
Q

IDA Clinical Features

A

thin,brittle nails
red tongue
dryness, corner of mouth

66
Q

Why is b12/folate important

A

role in dna synthesis-b12 has intrinsic factor

67
Q

PathoPhysiology of B12/Folate Defiency

A

interfers with DNA synthesis/mitosis
Results in immaure RBC in circulation

68
Q

Neurological Changes due to Vitamin B12-Defienceny

A

Traniset Paraesthia
Irritability
Reduced vibration-Positon sense
Ataxia

Cardiac/Respiratory Pathology (2 decks)

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