cardiac 1

Question 1

AF

Answer 1

causes ventricles to contract quicker than normal which prevent full filling

Question 2

AF symptoms

Answer 2

due to reduced pumping action: palpitations, shortness of breath, weakness, chest pain, tiredness, confusion

Question 3

most common arrhythmia

Answer 3

paroxysmal, persistent, permanent

Question 4

pathophysiology of AF

Answer 4

unknown cause, interplay between triggers that initiates AF and atrial myocardial abnormalities that all continued arrhythmias (triggers are outside atria)

Question 5

comorbid conditions with AF

Answer 5

hypertension- induced fibrosis 
CAD
obesity
OSA - sleep apnea
valve disease
family history
postoperative bypass

Question 6

AF causes remodelling

Answer 6

increased fibrosis which reduces cell to cell communication which is needed for sinus rhythm

Question 7

pathogenesis of AF

Answer 7

triggers and perpetuation cause AF which cause remodelling

remodelling in return causes AF to continue (AF begets AF)

Question 8

treatment options for AF

Answer 8

anti arrhythmic drugs
cardiac ablation (map atria electrically)
fish oils (help with heart turnover)
corticosteroids to reduce inflammation

Question 9

warfarin

Answer 9

decreases probabalitlty of blood clot forming because changes how long it takes for blood to clot

Question 10

current moving towards positive electrode

Answer 10

positive deflection

Question 11

current moving away from positive electrode

Answer 11

negative deflection

Question 12

diagnosis of atrial hypertrophy

Answer 12

P pulmonale: p wave tall indicates right atrial enlargement

Pmitrale: when p wave is broad and notched means left atrial enlargement

Question 13

first degree AV block

Answer 13

delayed wave (long time between SA and AV node 
due to fibrosis

Question 14

second degree AV block

Answer 14

2 p waves and then 1 QRS

not all waves cause depolarization of QRS

Question 15

third degree AV block

Answer 15

waves are not driving QRS
contant pave depolarization
likely taken over by AV node or His
not synchronized

Question 16

premature ventricular complex

Answer 16

QRS has to have electrical activity through purkinje fibres to get coordinated depolarization
depolarization in wrong direction

Question 17

ventricular tachycardia

Answer 17

no qrs complex therefore cardiac output is 0

Question 18

ventricular fibrillation

Answer 18

unorganized electrical activity

Question 19

AMI

Answer 19

elevation of ST segment (STEMI)

Question 20

angina

Answer 20

chest pain or discomfort occurs when area of heart muscle doesn’t get enough oxygen (its a symptom)

Question 21

CAD

Answer 21

build up of fatty deposits (plaque)
narrows arteries therefore diminished blood flow causes angina
completed block is heart attack

Question 22

types of angina

Answer 22

stable: predictable, occurs on exertion, received with rest
unstable: unpredictable, no pattern and progressive (high risk for AMI)
variant: spontaneous with no relation to activity, occurs at rest and sleep