carcinogenesis Flashcards
aflatoxins
hepatocellular carcinoma. derived from aspergillus, rice and grains
alkylating agents
leukemia and lymphoma. chemotherapy
alcohol
squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx and upper esophagus, and hepatocellular carcinoma
arsenic
squamous cell carcinoma of the skin, lung cancer, angiosarcoma. cigarette smoke
asbestos
mesothelioma. and lung cancer. more likely to lead to lung cancer rather than mesothelioma
cigarette smoke
oropharynx, squamous cell of the esophagus. lung cancer. kidney, bladder, pancreas most common carcinogen worldwide. polycyclic hydrocarbons.
nitrosamines
intestinal type of stomach cancer. found in smoked foods. high rate in japan.
naphthylamine
urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. derived from cigarette smoke
vinyl chloride
angiosarcoma of the liver.
nickel, chromium, beryllium, silica
lung carcinoma, occupational exposure
EBV
nasopharyngeal carcinoma, chinese males, african individuals. burkitt lymphoma, CNS lymphoma in AIDS.
HHV-8
kaposi sarcoma. tumor of endothelial cells. european males. AIDS
ionizing radiation
nuclear reactor accidents, and radiotherapy. causes AML, CML, papillary cancer of the thyroid. hydroxyl-free radicals.
nonionizing radiation
UVB sunlight. basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell, melanoma. creates pyramidine dimers in the DNA. normally excised by restriction endonucleases.
xeroderma pigmentosa
restriction endonucleases arent functioning and thus the children get severe sunlight reactions
PDGF
overexpression, autocrine loop, astrocytoma
ERBB2
epidermal growth factor receptor amplification subset of breast cancers.
RET
neural growth factor receptor, point mutation, MEN2a, 2B sporadic medullary carcinoma of the thyroid.
KIT
stem cell growth factor. gastrointestinal stromal tumor.
RAS family gene
GTP binding, point mutation, carcinoma, melanoma, lymphoma.
ABL
tyrosine kinase t(9,22) with BCR, CML and ALL. this is philadelphia chromosome
c-myc
t(8,14) involving IgH burkitt lymphoma.
N-Myc
neuroblastoma
L-myc
amplification in lung carcinoma
cyclin CCND1
t(11, 14) involving IgH. mantle cell lymphoma.
CDK4
amplification in melanoma
Bcl2 can cause cancer how
overexpression causes less apoptosis and thus more cancer cells. follicular lymphoma. no apoptosis in somatic hypermutation
hematogenous spread of which carcinomas
renal cell, hepatocellular, follicular carcinoma, choriocarcinoma
what type of cancer seeds body cavities
ovarian cancer omental caking.
what is important in immune surveillance of cancer
MHC I
benign clinical characteristics
slow growing, well circumscribed, distinct, mobile.
cancer clinical characteristics
rapid growing, poorly circumscribed, infiltrative, fixed to surrounding tissues and local structures.
histological benign
look similar to the tissues they are in. organized growth, uniform nuclei, low nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio, minimal mitotic activity, lack of invasion, no metastatic potential.
malignant characteristics
poorly differentiated, disorganized growth, nuclear pleomorphism and hypochromasia, high nuclear to cytoplamic ratio, high mitotic activity with atypical mitosis
what is the absolute difference between benign and malignant
the potential for malignancy
keratin
epithelial
vimentin
mesenchyme
desmin
muscle
GFAP
neuroglia
neurofilament
neurons
chromogranin
neuroendocrine cells
S-100
melanoma, schwannoma, langerhans cell histiocytosis
what is the number one prognostic factor
staging. more important than grade
