Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

path shelf > carcinogenesis > Flashcards

carcinogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

aflatoxins

A

hepatocellular carcinoma. derived from aspergillus, rice and grains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

alkylating agents

A

leukemia and lymphoma. chemotherapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

alcohol

A

squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx and upper esophagus, and hepatocellular carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

arsenic

A

squamous cell carcinoma of the skin, lung cancer, angiosarcoma. cigarette smoke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

asbestos

A

mesothelioma. and lung cancer. more likely to lead to lung cancer rather than mesothelioma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

cigarette smoke

A

oropharynx, squamous cell of the esophagus. lung cancer. kidney, bladder, pancreas most common carcinogen worldwide. polycyclic hydrocarbons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

nitrosamines

A

intestinal type of stomach cancer. found in smoked foods. high rate in japan.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

naphthylamine

A

urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. derived from cigarette smoke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

vinyl chloride

A

angiosarcoma of the liver.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

nickel, chromium, beryllium, silica

A

lung carcinoma, occupational exposure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

EBV

A

nasopharyngeal carcinoma, chinese males, african individuals. burkitt lymphoma, CNS lymphoma in AIDS.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

HHV-8

A

kaposi sarcoma. tumor of endothelial cells. european males. AIDS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

ionizing radiation

A

nuclear reactor accidents, and radiotherapy. causes AML, CML, papillary cancer of the thyroid. hydroxyl-free radicals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

nonionizing radiation

A

UVB sunlight. basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell, melanoma. creates pyramidine dimers in the DNA. normally excised by restriction endonucleases.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

xeroderma pigmentosa

A

restriction endonucleases arent functioning and thus the children get severe sunlight reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

PDGF

A

overexpression, autocrine loop, astrocytoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

ERBB2

A

epidermal growth factor receptor amplification subset of breast cancers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

RET

A

neural growth factor receptor, point mutation, MEN2a, 2B sporadic medullary carcinoma of the thyroid.

19
Q

KIT

A

stem cell growth factor. gastrointestinal stromal tumor.

20
Q

RAS family gene

A

GTP binding, point mutation, carcinoma, melanoma, lymphoma.

21
Q

ABL

A

tyrosine kinase t(9,22) with BCR, CML and ALL. this is philadelphia chromosome

22
Q

c-myc

A

t(8,14) involving IgH burkitt lymphoma.

23
Q

N-Myc

A

neuroblastoma

24
Q

L-myc

A

amplification in lung carcinoma

25
Q

cyclin CCND1

A

t(11, 14) involving IgH. mantle cell lymphoma.

26
Q

CDK4

A

amplification in melanoma

27
Q

Bcl2 can cause cancer how

A

overexpression causes less apoptosis and thus more cancer cells. follicular lymphoma. no apoptosis in somatic hypermutation

28
Q

hematogenous spread of which carcinomas

A

renal cell, hepatocellular, follicular carcinoma, choriocarcinoma

29
Q

what type of cancer seeds body cavities

A

ovarian cancer omental caking.

30
Q

what is important in immune surveillance of cancer

A

MHC I

31
Q

benign clinical characteristics

A

slow growing, well circumscribed, distinct, mobile.

32
Q

cancer clinical characteristics

A

rapid growing, poorly circumscribed, infiltrative, fixed to surrounding tissues and local structures.

33
Q

histological benign

A

look similar to the tissues they are in. organized growth, uniform nuclei, low nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio, minimal mitotic activity, lack of invasion, no metastatic potential.

34
Q

malignant characteristics

A

poorly differentiated, disorganized growth, nuclear pleomorphism and hypochromasia, high nuclear to cytoplamic ratio, high mitotic activity with atypical mitosis

35
Q

what is the absolute difference between benign and malignant

A

the potential for malignancy

36
Q

keratin

A

epithelial

37
Q

vimentin

A

mesenchyme

38
Q

desmin

A

muscle

39
Q

GFAP

A

neuroglia

40
Q

neurofilament

A

neurons

41
Q

chromogranin

A

neuroendocrine cells

42
Q

S-100

A

melanoma, schwannoma, langerhans cell histiocytosis

43
Q

what is the number one prognostic factor

A

staging. more important than grade

path shelf (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions