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2A CLINICAL SCIENCES > Carcinogenesis > Flashcards

Carcinogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

What is carcinogenesis?

A

-the transformation of normal cells to neoplastic cells through permanent genetic alterations or mutations
-applies to malignant neoplasms
-multistep process

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2
Q

Neoplasm

A

-abnormal mass of tissue that forms when cells grow & divide excessively or do not die when they should

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3
Q

Oncogenesis

A

-the transformation of normal cells into cancer cells
-benign & malignant tumours

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4
Q

Carcinogens

A

-agents known/suspected to cause tumours
-act on DNA (mutagenic)

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5
Q

Carcinogen

A

Cancer causing - malignant tumour

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6
Q

Oncogenic

A

Tumour causing

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7
Q

Examples of occupational/behavioural risk factors for cancers - lung, bladder, scrotal

A

Lung cancer - strong association with cigarette smoking, asbestos
Bladder cancer - increased incidence in aniline dye & rubber industries
Scrotal cancer - increased incidence in chimney sweeps

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8
Q

Name five classes of carcinogens

A

-chemical
-viral
-ionising & non-ionising radiation
-hormones, parasites, mycotoxins
-miscellaneous

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9
Q

Chemical carcinogens

A

-no common structural features
-some act directly
-most require metabolic conversion from pro-carcinogens -> ultimate carcinogens (enzyme required may be ubiquitous or confined to certain organs

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10
Q

Ionising & non-ionising radiation

A

-exposure to UVA/UVB
-ionising radiation
-long term effect (latent interval)

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11
Q

Examples of ionising & non-ionising radiation in cancer

A

Skin cancer - radiographers
Lung cancer - uranium miners
Thyroid cancer - Ukrainian children

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11
Q

Examples of ionising & non-ionising radiation in cancer

A

Skin cancer - radiographers
Lung cancer - uranium miners
Thyroid cancer - Ukrainian children

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12
Q

What percentage of cancers are inherited?

A

15%

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13
Q

Examples of race and cancer incidence

A

-black people -> more melanin -> decreased skin cancer
-India/SE Asia -> reverse smoking -> increased oral cancer

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14
Q

Ratio of breast cancer in females:males

A

200:1

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15
Q

What are pre-malignant conditions?

A

-identifiable local abnormality associated with increased risk of malignancy at that site

16
Q

Examples of pre-malignant conditions

A

Colonic polyps
Undescended testis
Cervical dysplasia

17
Q

What are host factors which can affect cancer risk?

A

-race
-diet
-constitutional factors - age, gender
-premalignant conditions
-transplacental exposure

18
Q

Name two inherited predispositions for cancers

A

FAP
HNPCC

19
Q

What is FAP?

A

-familial adenomatous polyposis
-inherited disorder involving the development of benign polyps/adenomas in the colon
-these may develop into cancerous growths

20
Q

What is HNPCC

A

-hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer
-condition affecting DNA mismatch repair genes
-increases risk of developing colon cancer

2A CLINICAL SCIENCES (14 decks)

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