CARBS PT1 Flashcards
Carbohydrates are stored primarily where
Liver and muscle glycogen
Major energy source
Glucose
Storage form of energy
Glycogen
Component of cell membranes
Glycoprotein
Functional groups of carbs
C=O (carbonyl) & -OH (hydroxide) functional groups
Structure/projections of carbs
Fischer projection
Haworth projection
Chair conformation
Linear sructure
Fischer proj
Shows a cyclic structure as viewed from the side showing the stereochemistry or location of the attached molecules to the monosaccharide ring
Haworth proj
Boat type conformation
Chair conformation
Classification of carbs
Number of sugar units
Size of the base carbon unit
Location of the C=O functional group
Stereochemistry of the compound
simplest forms of sugars and are the
basic units of carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
Monosaccharides
Glucose, fructose, galactose
Disaccharides
Maltose, lactose, sucrose
- Type of covalent bond that joins carbohydrate molecule to another group which may or may not be a carbohydrate
- holds sugar molecules together
Glycosidic bonds
Disaccharides are formed by — between two monosaccharides
Condensation reactions
Chemical reaction where the disaccharide becomes 2 monosaccharide
Hydrolysis
Oligosaccharides
Raffinose
Stachyose
Verbascose
Chaining of two or ten sugar units
Oligosaccharides
Polysaccharides
Glycogen, starch, cellulose
Contains only a single type of
monosaccharides
Homopolysaccharide
A-glucose
Starch
Glycogen
B-glucose
Cellulose
Complex carbohydrates which are formed by combining carbohydrates with non-carbohydrates or any its derivatives
Heteropolysaccharides
Sugars under heteropolysacchharides
Hyaluronic acid
Heparin
Chondroitin sulfate
Dermatan sulfate’
Keratan sulfate
Sugars under homopolysaccharide
Glycogen
Insulin
Cellulose
Dextrin
Starch
a-1,4-glycosidic bond
Maltose
b-1,4-glycosidic bond
Lactose
a-1,b-2-glycosidic bond
Sucrose
Ex of heteropolysaccharides
Hepa ChiP
- heparin
- chitin
-pectin
Trioses
3 carbons
Glyceraldehyde, Dihydroxyacetone
Tetroses
4 carbons
(Eryth(2)Threo)
- erythrose
- erythrulose
- threose
Pentoses
5 carbons
Ribose, ribulose
Hexoses
6C
Glucose, fructose, galactose
Smallest carbo
Glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone (trioses)
2 forms of carbs
Aldose and ketose
Functional grp of aldose
Aldehyde
Functional grp of ketose
Ketone
Carbonyl carbon at the end
Aldose
Carbonyl carbon at any other position except terminal end
Ketose
Ex of aldose
Glucose
Galactose
Mannose
Glyceraldehyde
Ribose
Ex of ketone
Fructose
Dihydroxyacetone
Ribuolose
study of the spatial arrangement of an atom
Stereochemistry
Compounds that have the same chemical formula
Isomers
isomers that differ in configuration around only one specific carbon atom
Epimers
o Optical isomers or stereoisomers
o Pairs of structures that are mirror images of
each other
Enantiomers
-OH group is on the right side
D-sugar (Dextrorotatory)
-OH group is on the left side
L-sugar (Levorotatory)
“—“ refer to second to the last -OH carbon; designated carbon position to refer what enantiomer
Penultimate carbon
Cyclic monosaccharides or glycosides that are epimers, differing from each other in
the configuration
Anomers
Monosaccharide structure with a five- membered ring
Furanose
Monosaccharide structure with a six- membered ring
Pyranose
represent cyclic sugars as having essentially planar rings, with the OH at the anomeric C1
Haworth projections
carbon derived from the carbonyl carbon of the open chain form of your carbohydrate molecule
Anomeric carbon
-OH below the ring
Alpha anomer
-OH above the ring
Beta anomer
anomers can undergo interconversion (from a to B, and vice versa) without energy expenditure or the need for enzymes, in a process called
Mutarotation
Only — are being absorbed and utilized by the body
Monosaccharides
what organ carries out most of the digestive processes and absorption of our nutrients
small intestine
Enzyme that begins initial digestion in the mouth
Salivary amylase
Basolateral surface faces the
Blood capillaries/bloodstream
(BB - basolateral = bloodstream)
Apical surface faces the
Lumen
(LA - lumen = apical)
Luminal side transporters for glucose and galactose (secondary active transport)
“Sodium Glucose Cotransporter 1)
SGLT-1
Luminal side transporters for fructose (facilitated diff)
GLUT-5
Basolateral Side Transporters for all types of mono (faci diff)
GLUT-
finger-like projections termed -, increase the surface area of the lining of the small intestine
Villi
responsible for the absorption and transport of fats within lymph vessels
Lacteal
Epithelial layer of small intestine
Enterocytes
end product of carbohydrate digestion, more specifically polysaccharides.
Glucose
3 steps of glucose transport process —> bloodstream
STEP 1
Step 1: apical side; sodium potassium pump; primary active transport; use ATP = Na out, K in
3 steps of glucose transport process —> bloodstream
STEP 2
Step 2: basolateral surface; sodium-dependent glucose transporter (symporter) —> sodium & glucose IN the CELL
3 steps of glucose transport process —> bloodstream
STEP 3
Step 3: apical surface; GLUT-2 facilitated diffusion; glucose OUT of the CELL —> BLOODSTREAM —> glucose to the LIVER via hepatic portal vein
- Metabolism of glucose molecule to pyruvate, or
lactate for production of energy - Well-fed state
Glycolysis
- Formation of Glu-6-phosphate from non- carbohydrate sources
- fasting
Gluconeogenesis
- breakdown of glycogen to glucose for energy
- fasting
Glycogenolysis
- glucose to glycogen for storage
- well-fed
Glycogenesis
Conversion of carbs to fatty acids
- well-fed
Lipogenesis
Decomposition of fats
Lipolysis
part of our metabolic process in the body in which it breaks down large and complicated molecules into smaller ones, in order for us to produce or to get energy
Catabolism
Catabolism STEP 1
Breakdown of complex molecules —> building blocks
Catabolism STEP 2
Building blocks —> conversion to acetyl coenzyme A —> citric acid cycle
Catabolism STEP 3
Metabolism of acetyl coenzyme A —> CO2 & formation of ATP
process of your polysaccharides to be converted to acetyl-CoA, wherein we are able to get ATP
Glycolysis
Fatty acids undergo — to produce acetyl-coA
B-oxidation
Brief fast
Supply glucose through GLYCOGENOLYSIS (glycogen to glucose from liver)
Fast period longer than 1 day
Supply glucose through GLUCONEOGENESIS
Hormones involved in INCREASING glucose level
Glucagon
Epinephrine
Cortisol
Growth Hormone
ACTH
Thyroxine
Hormones involved in DECREASING glucose level
Insulin (main hormone)
Incretins (indirectly)
unique hormone which involves both lowering and increasing the glucose level depending on what the body needs
Somatostatin
Insulin and glucagon are produced in
Pancreas
major hormone that lowers glucose levels
Insulin
major hormone that increases glucose
levels
Glucagon
If our glucose level reached —, pancreas will release insulin
> 120 mg/dL
Insulin enhances — process
Glycogenesis
(Insulin gives signal to the liver to take up glucose and store it as glycogen; glucose -> glycogen)
Glucagon enhances — process
Glycogenolysis
(Glycogen—> glucose; breakdown glycogen —> glucose to be released into the bloodstream = correct low blood glucose in body)
If our glucose level reached —, pancreas will release glucagon
<80 mg/dL (low level of glucose)
secrete digestive enzymes that will help in digestion (exocrine; pancreas)
Acinar cells
secrete your different hormones (endocrine; pancreas)
Islets of Langerhans
α- cell – alpha cell
Glucagon
β- cell – beta cell
Insulin
δ-cell – delta cell
Somatostatin
PP cells (F cells)
Pancreatic polypeptide
ε cell – epsilon cell
Ghrelin
Acinar cells secrete
Amylase and lipase enzymes
