carbs, lipids and proteins Flashcards
anabolism
the synthesis of macromolecules from monomers
macromolecules
a very large molecules made of smaller molecules joined together
catabolism
the breakdown of macromolecules into monomers
metabolism
all the enzyme catalysed reactions in a cell or organism - the balance between anabolism and catabolism
monomer
a molecules that can be joined to more of its kind to form a chain called a polymer
polymer
a chain of monomers linked together by covalent bonds
polymerisation
many monomers joining together to form a polymer
hydrolysis reaction
a type of reaction where water is required to break macromolecules into their component monomers
condensation reaction
a type of reaction where water is released to form their component monomers
carbohydrate
an organic molecule where every carbon atom is linked to an H and OH group
monosaccharide
a carbohydrate monomer
disaccharide
a sugar composed of two monosaccharides, formed by a condensation reaction leading to a glycoside bond
polysaccharide
a chain of hundreds or thousands of monosaccharides
formed by many condensation reaction leading to many glycosidic bonds
hexose
any monosaccharide with six carbons
pentose
any monosaccharide with five carbons
triose
any three carbon sugar
important in respiration and photosynthesis
ribose
pentose sugar found in RNA and ATP
alpha glucose
the hexose sugar used in respiration to form ATP
beta glucose
the hexose sugar found in cellulose fibres
isomers
compounds that contain exactly the same number of atoms but arranged differently
glycosidic bond
a covalent bond that joins together 2 sugar molecules via a condensation reaction
maltose
disaccharide of 2 glucose molecules
sucrose
disaccharide of one glucose molecule and one fructose molecule
lactose
disaccharide of one glucose molecule and one galactose molecule
cellulose
polysaccharide of beta glucose, forming a straight chain
makes up cell walls in plants
starch
polysaccharide of alpha glucose, forming a helical chain with branches to release glucose monomers
amylose
polymer of alpha glucose with a helical structure and 1-4 glycosidic bonds only
amylopectin
polymer of alpha glucose with a helical structure and 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds that cause branching
glycogen
polysaccharide of alpha glucose, forming a highly branched helical chain
energy store in animals
peptidoglycan
a long polysaccharide structure with cross linking peptide groups found in bacteria cell walls
chitin
the cell wall of fungi
acetylamino group
present in chitin rather than a hydroxyl on carbon 2
allows formation of cross links
reducing sugar
has a free aldehyde group or a free ketone group
colourimetry
this refers to the device that measures the absorbance of particular wavelengths of light by a specific solution
calibration curve
general method for determining the concentration of a substance in an unknown sample by comparing the unknown to a set of standard samples of known concentration
lipids
organic molecules that consist of fatty acids
fatty acid
chain of carbons with only hydrogen attached and a carboxylic acid group at one end
saturated fatty acid
no double bonds
unsaturated fatty acid
at least one double bond in the carbon chain
monounsaturated
a fatty acid with double bond in the carbon chain
polyunsaturated
fatty acid with more than one double bond in the carbon cain
hydrogenated
fatty acid that has had hydrogens added to it in a chemical process to make it more saturated
cis-fatty acid
a fatty acid that contains a double bond where the hydrogens attached to the carbons on either side of the bond are on the same side
trans-fatty acid
a fatty acid that contains a double bond where the hydrogen attached to the carbons on either side of the bond are on opposite sides
triglyceride
3 fatty acids attached to a glycerol
ester bond
name of the bond that holds together a fatty acid molecule and glycerol molecule
cholesterol
molecules that sit between the phospholipid and increase the number of intermolecular forces and therefore reduce the fluidity of the membrane
ampsipathic
a molecule that has both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts
phospholipid
an unusual molecule because it is both hydrophilic and hydrophobic
monolayer
single layer of closely packed atoms or molecules
bilayer
double layer of closely packed atoms or molecules
micelles
spherical aggregate of molecules in water with hydrophobic areas in the middle and hydrophilic areas outside
amino acid
monomers that constitute polypeptides
peptide bond§
the bond formed between 2 amino acids in a polypeptide
polypeptide
a polymer of amino acids formed by multiple peptide bonds
primary structure
sequence and number of amino acids in a polypeptide
secondary structure
presence of repeating structures:
alpha helices
beta pleated sheet
structures held together by h-bonds between amino and carboxylic groups of amino acids
tertiary structure
held together by h-bonds, covalent bonds or positive and negative charge attractions between r groups of amino acids
quaternary structure
overall shape of a protein that consists of more polypeptides, prosthetic groups and co-enzymes
globular
round protein structure
fibrous
long and thin protein structure
collagen
main protein component in connective tissue
keratin
very tough
rich in cysteine
elastin
cross linking and coiling makes the protein strong but also extensible
insulin
protein hormone produced by the pancreas
glucose being transported from blood into cells
lowers blood glucose levels by forming glycogen
pepsin
protein digesting enzyme
glycolipid
involved in cell communication and immune response
lipoprotein
important in the transport of cholesterol in the blood
LDL
carry more cholesterol
HDL
remove cholesterol from the blood by transporting to the liver where it is the broken down
