carbs-glu-lipids Flashcards
color that indicates increase in glucose
Dark pink
can be measured directly but can be calculated
using Friedewald method
LDL
is directly associated with atherosclerosis and
coronary heart disease.
LDL
what produces insulin in
pancrease
Beta cells of Islets of Langerhans
Major lipids
Phospholipids, Cholesterol,
Triglycerides, Fatty acid, Fat soluble vitamins (ADEK)
Decrease blood sugar
HYPOGLYCEMIA
Increase blood sugar
HYPERGLYCEMIA
FORMS OF CHOLESTEROL
Cholesterol ester (70%)- undergo esterification by LCAT
Free or non-esterified cholesterol (30%)- membrane,
hormone and bile acid synthesis
are compounds containing C, H, and O
Carbohydrates
Impaired ability to metabolize CHO due to deficiency of insulin, metabolic or hormonal changes.
GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS
a cell to increase in hyperglycemia
GLUCAGON
are important indicators of CHD risk, which is a major reason for their measurement in research, as well as in clinical practice
Lipids and lipoproteins
Reduction of cupric ions forming cuprous oxide in hot alkaline solution by glucose
Alkaline Copper reduction method
It is an unsaturated steroid alcohol containing four
rings and it has a single C–H side chain tail similar to
a fatty acid in its physical properties
Cholesterol
The general formula for a carbohydrate is
Cx(H2O)y
Conversion of carbohydrates into fatty acids
LIPOGENESIS
end product and color of LIEBERMANN BURCHARDT METHOD
Cholestadienyl Monosulfonic acid
GREEN
Useful in the diagnosis of disorders characterized by altered phospholipid concentration, composition or lipoprotein distribution, including obstructive jaundice, Tangier disease, abeta-or hypobetalipoproteinemia and LCAT deficiency.
PHOSPHOLIPIDS DETERMINATION
the end product is lactic
acid
ANEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS
commonly referred to as fats, are ubiquitous constituents of all living cells and have a dual role.
Lipids
The classification of carbohydrates is based on four
different properties which are
the size of the base carbon chain
the location of the CO function group
the number of sugar units, and
the stereochemistry of the compound.
after eating
Post Prandial
Formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate source.
GLUCONEOGENESIS
a cell to decrease in hypoglycemia
INSULIN
PATHWAYS IN CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM
Glycolysis
Glycogenesis
Glycogenolysis
Gluconeogenesis
classification of diabetes mellitus
Type 1 DM
Type 2 DM
Gestational DM
a group of metabolic diseases characterized by increase resulting from effects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both
Diabetes mellitus
Decomposition of fat
LIPOLYSIS
Breakdown of glycogen to glucose for use as energy
GLYCOGENOLYSIS
The screening and diagnosis of GDM is by
2 HR OGTT
A linear chains of C–H bonds that terminate with a
carboxyl group (–COOH).
Fatty Acids
end product and color of SALKOWSKI METHOD
Cholestadienyl Disulfonic acid
RED
function of carbohydrates
provides energy
applicable for urine
Clinitest
SAMPLES FOR GLUCOSE MEASUREMENT
RANDOM BLOOD SUGAR (RBS)
FASTING BLOOD SUGAR (FBS) – 6 to 8 hours fasting
2-HOUR POST PRANDIAL BLOOD SUGAR (2HPPBS)
It decreases surface tension within the alveolar surface, thus allowing effective gas exchange
and prevents alveolar collapse during expiration.
Phospholipids
It is similar in structure to triglycerides except that they only have two esterified fatty acids. The third position on the glycerol backbone instead contains a phospholipid head group
Phospholipids
standard clinical sample in Methods of Glucose Measurement
VENOUS BLOOD
CSF
URINE
OTHER BODY FLUID
HORMONES THAT REGULATES CHO METABOLISM
EPINEPHRINE
GLUCOCORTICOIDS
GROWTH HORMONE
ACTH
THYROXINE
SOMATOSTATIN
Breakdown of glucose into pyruvate for energy source
Glycolysis
meaning of OGTT
Oral Glucose Tolerance Test
the result of an imbalance in the rate of glucose appearance and disappearance from the
circulation
Hypoglycemia
is associated with decreased risk of coronary artery disease, and decreased HDL cholesterol is associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease
Increased HDL cholesterol
HDL
high-density lipoprotein
Most accurate
Also measures CSF, serous and urine glucose
Hexokinase method
end product of glycolysis
PYRUVATE or LACTATE
Formation of glucose from glycogen
GLYCOGENESIS
CHYLOS
chylomicrons
LDL
low-density lipoprotein
It contains three fatty acid molecules attached to
one molecule of glycerol by ester bonds
Very hydrophobic & water soluble; Neutral lipid
Fasting requirements: 10-12 hrs
Triglycerides
stored form of sugar
GLYCOGEN
Serum must be separated from cells within 30 minutes, if not _______________ is added to inhibit glycolysis
SODIUM FLOURIDE
Whole blood fasting glucose is ______% lower than serum plasma
15
It measures beta-D Glucose
Also measures CSF and urine glucose
Glucose oxidase method
Reduction of yellow cyanide to a colorless ferrocyanide by glucose (inverse colorimetry)
Alkaline Ferric Reduction method (Hagedorn Jensen)
VLDL
very-low-density lipoprotein
LABORATORY FINDINGS IN HYPERGLYCEMIA
INCREASED Glucose (blood and urine)
INCREASED Urine specific gravity
INCREASED Osmolality (serum and urine)
Ketones in blood and urine
Decreased blood and urine pH (acidosis)
Electrolyte imbalance (INC Na+ and HCO3, DEC K+)
