Carbs Flashcards
Non reducing sugar
Sucrose
Examples of Monosaccharides
Glucose, fructose, galactose
Monosaccharides are linked by ________ to produce more complex sugars
Glycosidic bonds
Examples of disaccharides
Lactose, maltose, sucrose
Simpliest carbohydrate
Glycol aldehyde
Only carbohydrate to be directly used for energy
Glucose
Glucose metabolism generates
Pyruvic acid, lactic acid and acetyl coenzyme A
What is glycolysis?
Metabolism of glucose to pyruvate and lactate for energy use
What is gluconeogenesis?
Formation of glucose-6 phosphate from noncarbohydrate compound
What is glycogenolysis?
Breakdown of glycogen to glucose for energy use
What is glycogenesis?
Conversion of glucose to glycogen for storage
What is lipogenesis?
Conversion of carbohydrates to fatty acids
What is lipolysis?
Decomposition of fat
Organ act as an exocrine and endocrine gland
Pancreas
What is Proinsulin?
Inactive form of insulin
Promotes glycogenolysis
Glucagon
Primary Source of Energy
Carbohydrates
Only hypoglycemic agent
Insulin
Major hyperglycemic agent
Glucagon
Fasting plasma glucagon normal value
25-50 pg/mL
Target organ of glucagon
Liver
Stimulates release of cortisol
ACTH
Delta cells of Islets of Langerhans produce?
Somatostatin
FBS level of patient with DM
Greater than or equal to 126 mg/dL
Potassium in DM: Increase or Decrease
Increase
Decrease Bicarbonate and TCO2 in DM is due to
Kussmaul-Kien respiration
Diagnostic test for Hypoglycemia
5 hour OGTT
Definitive test for Hypoglycemia
72h Fasting
What level of glucose will release the glucagon and other glycemic factors in circulation?
50-55 mg/dL
Alimentary hypoglycemia occurs usually within ____ hours after eating
4 hours
In GDM, large % of patients who develop DM within _____ years…
5-10 years
Gestational DM is due to
Metabolic and hormonal changes
Normal FBS value
70-110 mg/dL
Fasting plasma glucose is done in morning because
To avoid diurnal variation
Decrease glucose in brain
Neuroglycopenia
Glucosuria occurs when plasma glucose level exceeds ______
180mg/dL or 9.9 mmol/L
In severe DM, ratio of Beta-hydroxybutyrate to acetoacetate is _____
6:1
Type of diabetes that has no known etiology
Idiopathic Type 1 DM
Screening for GDM should be done betweek ____ of gestation
24-28 weeks
Screening and diagnostic test for GDM
2 hour OGTT using 75g of glucose load
Standard clinical specimen for glucose
Fasting venous plasma
Whole blood glucose levels is
10-15% lower than plasma/serum
In glucose determination, how does Benedict’s method differ from Folin Wu?
Uses citrate or tartrate as stabilizing agent
Other name for Ferric Reduction Method
Hagedorn Jensen
Other name of Condensation Method in glucose determination
Dubowski
Product in Condensation method of glucose determination
Glycosylamine and Schiff’s base (green)
Insulin promotes?
Glycolysis, glycogenesis, lipogenesis
NOTE: decrease glycogenolysis
Most specific glucose method
Hexokinase
Reference method for glucose
Hexokinase
Single dose method for OGTT
Janney- Isaacson Method = most common
Divided Oral Dose or Double Dose Method for OGTT
Exton Rose Method
Glucose load in children
1.75 g/kg body weight
Note: to maximum of 75g
HbA1c in DM
> 6.5%
Normal ratio of B-hydorxybutyrate and acetoacetic acid
1:1
Normal Ratio of C- peptide to insulin
5:1 to 15:1
