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Pharmaceutical Biochemistry > carbs 3 > Flashcards

carbs 3 Flashcards

1
Q

sugars which yield two molecules of the same or
d i ff e r e n t m o l e c u l e s o f m o n o s a c c h a r i d e o n
hydrolysis.
> also called double sugar, any substance that is
composed of two molecules of simple sugars
(monosaccharide) linked to each other.
• are crystalline water-soluble
compounds.

A

disaccharide

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2
Q

Glycosidic bonds are cleaved by
enzymes known as ____________
The three major disaccharides are
sucrose, lactose, and maltose.

A

glycosidases

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3
Q

malt sugar”
- Intermediary in acid hydrolysis of
starch and can be obtained by
enzyme hydrolysis of starch.
• alpha 1-4 bond
- anomeric carbon of one glucose is
free, it can form alpha and B-forms
and exhibit mutarotation

A

maltose

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4
Q

In the body, dietary starch digestion by _____________ in gut yields maltose, which requires a specific enzyme ________ to form glucose.

A
  • amylase
  • maltase
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5
Q

sweet; soluble in water; has one aldehyde free or potentially free it has reducing properties, and
forms characteristic osazone which has
characteristic “sunflower” appearance

A

maltose

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6
Q

milk sugar
• not very soluble and is not so sweet; dextrorotatory; enzyme which hydrolyzes is “lactase” present in intestinal juice; yield one molecule of D-glucose and
one molecule of D-galactose upon hydrolysis.

A

lactose

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7
Q

yields “mucic acid”
w h e n treated with conc. nitric acid after
hydrolysis
• one of the aldehyde is free or potentially free, it
has reducing properties.
• Exhibit M u t a r o t a t i o n

A

lactose

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8
Q

• “table sugar” or “cane sugar”
• from sugar cane, sugar beet, pineapple, carrots
• very soluble and sweet;

enzyme that hydrolyzes is sucrase
present in the intestinal juice
• as both aldehyde and ketone groups are linked together
(alpha 1-2), it does not have reducing properties and cannot form osazones
• both anomeric carbons are involved in “linkage”, it does not exhibit mutarotation

A

sucrose

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9
Q

is a disaccharide consisting of two
glucose units in beta (1-4) glycosidic linkage.
Obtained from the partial hydrolysis of cellulose.

A

Cellobiose

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10
Q

commonly used as an indicator
carbohydrate for intestinal permeability in Crohn’s disease and malabsorption syndrome.

A

cellobiose

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11
Q

is a disaccharide composed of two
units of D-glucose joined with a P(1->6) linkage.

A

Gentiobiose

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12
Q

It is a white crystalline solid that is soluble in water or hot methanol. it is incorporated
into the chemical structure of crocin, the chemical
compound that gives saffron its color.
- It is a product of the caramelization of glucose.

A

Gentiobiose

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13
Q

integral membrane proteins contain covalently attached
carbohydrate units oligosaccharides, o n their
extracellular face

A

oligosaccharides

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14
Q

Starch granules are insoluble in cold water, but when their suspension is heated, water is taken up and
swelling occurs at first to a slight degree but later to several hundred times to their original volume, viscosity
increases, and starch “gels” or “pastes” are formed

Composition: consists of two polymeric units of glucose called?

A

amylose and amylopectin

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15
Q

is the major glucose storage molecule in animals.
- The structure is similar to amylopectin in which the main
chain is link by alpha (1-4) glycosidic bond and its
numerous alpha(1-6) glycosidic bond.
CH-OH

A

glycogen

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16
Q

_________ have more and shorter branches, is stored in the liver and skeletal muscle.
synthesis and degradation in the liver are carefully regulated.

A

glycogen

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17
Q

polysaccharide that
serves as a structural
element in plant cell
walls a n d a n i m a l
e x o s k e l e t o n s

A

structural polysaccharides

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18
Q

structural component of plant
cell w a l l s
> “woody” portions of plants -
stems, stalks, and trunks have
high concentrations o f this
fibrous, w a t e r- i n s o l u b l e
s u b s t a n c e

A

cellulose

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19
Q

like amylose, it is an unbranched glucose polymer;
difference is that glucose residues in cellulose have
beta-configuration, whereas in amylose its in alpha
configuration; glycosidic linkages is beta (1-4).

A

cellulose

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20
Q

_______ have spiral-like structures
whereas cellulose have linear
(straight-chain) structures which
when aligned side by side become
water-insoluble fibers because of
inter-chain hydrogen bonding
cellulose contains about 5000
glucose units; cotton is p u r e
cellulose (95%) and wood is (50%)

A

amylose

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21
Q

cellulose is hydrolyzed by an enzyme ____________, which cleaves all of the B-glycosidic
bonds forming glucose.
• It’s an important component of a balanced diet ; it
serves as dietary fiber which provides the digestive
tract with “bulk” and facilitates the excretion of
solid wastes.
• humans do not possess this enzyme, and therefore
cannot digest cellulose.

A

B-glycosidase

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22
Q

> similar to cellulose in both function and
s t r u c t u r e
its f u n c t i o n is t o give rigidity to the exoskeletons of crabs, lobsters, shrimp, insects,and other arthropods; also occurs in the cell walls of fungi

A

chitin

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23
Q

polysaccharide with a disaccharide repeating unit in which one of the disaccharide components is an amino
sugar and one or both disaccharide components has a
negative charge due to a sulfate group or a carboxyl group;
they are heteropolysaccharides, where two different monosaccharides are present in an alternating pattern

serve as
lubricants in the fluid o f joints and they are associated with the jelly-like consistency of the vitreous humor of the eye.

A

hyaluronic acid

24
Q

monosaccharide present in the
disaccharide repeating unit for
heparin are D-glucuronate-2-
s u l f a t e and N - s u l f o - D -
glucosamine-6-sulfate, both of
which contain two negatively
charged acidic groups
> 15-90 disaccharide residues
per chain

• anticoagulant, it helps prevent blood clots; binds strongly to a protein involved in
terminating the process of blood clotting, thus inhibiting blood clotting

A

heparin

25
Q

the process of breaking down food by mechanical
and enzymatic action in the alimentary canal
into substances that can be used by the body.

A

digestion

26
Q

Which part of Digestive - oesophagus
System is the main site for
absorption?

A

small intestine
(duodenum and ileum)

27
Q

convert polysaccharides t o disaccharides

A

amylase

28
Q

2 Types of enzymes are important for the digestion of
carbohydrates

A

amylase and disaccharide

29
Q

Digestion of Carbohydrate
starts in the mouth, upon
contact with saliva during
mastication or chewing.
Saliva c o n t a i n s a
carbohydrate spliting
enzyme called salivary
amylase, also known as
___________.

A

ptyalin

30
Q

Ptyalin action stops in the
stomach when the pH falls to
________
• T h e e z y m e h y d r o l y s e s a - 1 - 4
g l y c o s i d i c m o l e c u l e s

A

3.0

31
Q

T h e r e is no enzyme to break
the glycosidic bonds in
gastric juice.
However, HCl present in the
stomach causes hydrolysis of

A

sucrose to fructose and
glucose.

32
Q

Digestion is completed by
____________ b e c a u s e
food stays for a longer time in
t h e i n t e s t i n e .

A

pancreatic amylase

33
Q

They are present in the brush
border epithelium of intestinal
mucosal cells where the resultant monosaccharides a n d
othe arising from the diet a r e
a b s o r b e d .

A

disaccharides

34
Q

• The process by which molecules spontaneously
diffuse from a region of higher solute
concentration to a region of lower solute
c o n c e n t r a t i o n
• Non-energy requiring
• It is the slowest absorption process.

A

passive diffusion

35
Q

2 types of CARRIER-MEDIATED
T R A N S P O RT

A

A.ACTIVE T R A N S P O RT
B.FACILITATED DIFFUSION

36
Q

Movement of substance from Iow-high concentration
against a concentration gradient
• “pushing rock uphill”
• Energy requiring (ATP)
• Faster rate of transport

A

active transport

37
Q

• Movement of substance from high-low concentration
along a concentration gradient
• “downhill movement”
• Non-energy requiring
• Fast rate of transport

A

FACILITATED DIFFUSION

38
Q

T H E F O L L O W I N G A R E S O M E O F T H E T E S T S
PERFORMED BY MEDICAL TECHNOLOGISTS
INVOLVING CARBOHYDRATES:

A

• Blood Glucose (sugar ) Tests
• L a c t o s e T o l e r a n c e T e s t s
• D-Xylose Absorption

39
Q

is the inability to digest lactose due to the deficiency of Lactase enzyme.

A

Lactose intolerance

40
Q

There is complete absence or deficiency of lactase enzyme.
• The child develops intolerance to lactose immediately after birth.
• It is diagnosed in early infancy.
• Milk feed precipitates symptoms.

A

congenital lactose intolerance

41
Q

develops over time
• There is no congenital absence of lactase but the deficiency is precipitated during adulthood.
• The gene for lactose is normally expressed upto
RNA level but it is not translated to form enzyme.
• It is very common in Asian population.

A

primary lactose intolerance

42
Q

may develop in a person with a
Intestinal parasite health small intestine during episodes of acute illness.
• This occurs because of mucosal damage or from medications resulting from certain gastrointestinal diseases, including exposure to intestinal parasites such as Giardia lamblia.

• In such case the production of lactase may be permanent disrupted.
• A very common cause of temporary lactose intolerance is gastroenteritis, particularly when the gastroenteritis is caused by rotavirus.

A

Secondary Lactase Deficiency

43
Q

Undigested lactose in
intestinal l u m e n is acted u p o n
by bacteria a n d is converted to
COz, H2, 2 carbon compounds
and 3 Carbon compounds or it
may remain undigested

A

biomedical basis

44
Q

Diagnosis o f Lactose Intolerance:

A

• Hydrogen Breath test
• Stool Acidity Test
• U r i n e T e s t
• Mucosal Biopsy test

45
Q

measure the ability of your intestines to break down a type of sugar found in milk and other dairy products called
lactose. If your body cannot break down this sugar you are said to have lactose intolerance.

A

lactose tolerance test

46
Q

the blood test is considered normal if
your glucose level rises more than _____________ within 2 hours of drinking the
lactose solution.
• A rise of 20 to 30 mg/dL is
inconclusive. Note: Normal value
ranges may vary slightly among
different laboratories.

A

30 mg/dL

47
Q

Measures the amount of a type of sugar
(glucose) in your blood.
• Insulin is a hormone that helps your body’s cells use the glucose. Insulin is produced in the pancreas and released into the blood when the amount of glucose in the blood rises.
• Blood glucose levels that remain high over
time can damage your eyes, kidneys, nerves,
and blood vessels.

A

blood glucose test

48
Q
  • measures blood glucose after you have
    not eaten for at least 8 hours.
  • It is often the first test done to check for
    pre diabetes and diabetes.
A

Fasting blood sugar (FBS)

49
Q
  • measures blood glucose exactly 2 hours
    after you start eating a meal.
  • This is not a test used to diagnose
    diabetes.
  • This test is used if someone with
    diabetes is taking the right amount of
    insulin with meals.
A

2-hour postprandial blood sugar

50
Q

measures blood glucose regardless of when you last ate.
- his test is also called a casual blood glucose test.

A

random blood sugar

51
Q
  • is used to diagnose prediabetes and
    diabetes.
  • test is a series of
    blood glucose measurements taken after you
    drink a sweet liquid that contains glucose.
  • This test is commonly used to diagnose
    diabetes that occurs during pregnancy .
A

oral glucose tolerance test

52
Q
  • measures how much sugar (glucose) is stuck to
    red blood cells.
  • This test can be used to diagnose diabetes.
  • It also shows how well your diabetes has been controlled in the past 2-3 months
    whether your diabetes medicine n e e d s to be changed.
  • The result of your Aic test can be used to
    estimate your average blood sugar level. This is called your estimated average glucose, or eAG
A

Hemoglobin A1c, or glycohemoglobin,

53
Q

Fasting plasma glucose-

A

70-99 mg/dL

54
Q

• Postprandial plasma glucose at 2 hours -

A

Less than 140 mg/dL

55
Q
  • Less than 140 mg/dL
A

Random plasma glucose

Pharmaceutical Biochemistry (8 decks)

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