Carbohydrates

Question 1

• most abundant and widespread organic substances in nature, and they are essential constituents of all living
  things.
• are formed by green plants from
  carbon dioxide and water during the process of photosynthesis.

Answer 1

Carbohydrates ( C H 2 0 ) n

Question 2

serve as energy s o u r c e s and as
essential structural components in organisms.
• It is build up of sugars.

Other Functions of Carbohydrates
• As Lubricant of skeletal joints
• As major components of the cell
wall o f bacteria and of the soft cell
coats in animal tissues.
• They provide adhesion between
cells.
• Degradation products act as
“promoters” or “catalysts”.

Answer 2

Carbohydrates

Question 3

WHAT ARE THE TWO MAJOR BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF CARBOHYDRATES?

Answer 3

1. As storage from fuel
   - Glucose, Starch & Glycogen
   - 1gram of Carbohydrates will yield
   4kcal of energy
2. As structural elements
   - Cellulose, Acid mucopolysaccharides
   and proteoglycans

Question 4

(simple sugars)
“are those which cannot be hydrolyzed further into simpler forms”

• (CH,O) in which n is any integer from 3 to 7
• The simplest carbohydrate, have a backbone of from 3 to 7carbon.
• They are colorless, crystalline solids; very soluble in water, slightly soluble in ethanol, and insoluble in nonpolar solvents.
-ose indicates a carbohydrate; tri-, tetr-, pent- and so forth indicate the number of carbon atoms in the chain

Answer 4

Monosaccharide

Question 5

sugars which yield two molecules of the same or different molecules of monosaccharide on hydrolysis

Answer 5

Dissacharides

Question 6

yield 3 to 6 monossacharide units on hydrolysis

Answer 6

Oligosaccharides

Question 7

• Yield more than 6 units of monosaccharide’s on hydrolysis

Answer 7

Polysaccharides (Glycan)

Question 8

• polymers of same monosaccharide units
  -Examples: starch, glycogen, inulin, cellulose, dextrin, dextran

Answer 8

Homopolysaccharides (Homoglycans)

Question 9

show sugars in their open chain
form. In a ___________, **the carbon atoms of a sugar molecule are connected vertically by solid lines, while carbon-oxygen and carbon-hydrogen bonds
are shown horizontally.

Answer 9

Fisher projections

Question 10

• polymer of different monosaccharide units or their derivatives
• Ex: Mucopolysaccharide (Glycosaminoglycan “GAG”)

Answer 10

Heteropolysaccharides (Heteroglycans)

Question 11

• polymer of different monosaccharide units or their derivatives
• Ex: Mucopolysaccharide (Glycosaminoglycan “GAG”)

Answer 11

Heteropolysaccharides (Heteroglycans)

Question 12

It can be alpha or beta form.
a. Haworth projections are often used to depict sugars in their cyclic forms.
b. Chair conformation

Answer 12

Cyclic form

Question 13

what are the 2 forms of sugar?

Answer 13

-open form
-cyclic form

Question 14

known as “aldose” if sugar has a presence of aldehyde. R-CHO

Answer 14

Aldehyde

Question 15

Known as “ketose” if sugar has a presence of R-COR

Answer 15

Ketone

Question 16

the branch of chemistry concerned with the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms and molecules and the effect of this on chemical reactions.

Answer 16

Stereochemistry

Question 17

it is the linkage of atoms of the same element into longer chains. ex: Carbon to Hydrocarbon

Answer 17

Catenation

Question 18

a chemically organic functional group composed of a carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen (C=O)

Answer 18

Carbonyl group

Question 19

is a carbon atom bonded with four different compounds (groups) at the same time

Answer 19

chiral carbon

Question 20

are chiral molecules that are mirror
images of one another. The molecules are non-superimposable on one another. This means that the molecules cannot be placed on top of one another and give the
same molecule.

Answer 20

Enantiomers

Question 21

Each of two isomers with different configurations of atoms around one of several asymmetric carbon atoms present.

Answer 21

EPIMERS

Question 22

Combination of alpha and Beta
are diastereoisomers of cyclic forms of sugars or similar molecules differing in the configuration at the anomeric carbon (C-1 atom of an aldose or the C-2 atom of a 2-ketose). The cyclic forms of carbohydrates can exist in two forms, a- and B- based on the position of the substituent

Answer 22

ANOMERS

Question 23

is the change in specific rotation of a chiral compound due to epimerization.
-the ongoing interconversion between anomers of a particular carbohydrate to form an equilibrium mixture.

Answer 23

Mutarotation