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Chemistry > Carbonyls and Carboxylic Acids and their Derivatives > Flashcards

Carbonyls and Carboxylic Acids and their Derivatives Flashcards

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1
Q

Catalyst for formation of esters from alcohol + COOH

A

Conc acid eg. H2SO4

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2
Q

Catalyst for hydrolysis of esters

A

Dilute strong acid eg. Dilute H2SO4

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3
Q

Advantages of base hydrolysis

A

Reaction goes to completion due to neutralisation by base, more product in the mixture than by acid hydrolysis

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4
Q

Uses of glycerol and sodium salts

A

Soaps and cleaning products

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5
Q

Acid + metal —>

A

Salt + hydrogen

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6
Q

Acid + alkali —>

A

Salt + water

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7
Q

Acid + carbonate —>

A

Salt + water + CO2

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8
Q

Uses of esters (4)

A

Perfumes, flavourings, solvents, plasticisers for polymers

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9
Q

Are esters soluble or insoluble in water

A

Almost insoluble

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10
Q

Conditions for acid hydrolysis

A

Dilute acid, heat under reflux

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11
Q

Conditions for base hydrolysis

A

Dilute NaOH, heat under reflux

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12
Q

Products of base hydrolysis

A

Carboxylate salt + alcohol

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13
Q

Why isn’t base hydrolysis reversible

A

The carboxylate salt is the anion of the COOH, the anion is resistant to attack by weak nucleophiles eg. alcohols so it’s not reversible

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14
Q

Uses of glycerol

A

Soluble in water so good in cosmetics, food and glues

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15
Q

How does soap work

A

The polar CO2 - end is hydrophilic and mixes with water, the long non- polar hydrocarbon chain is hydrophobic and mixes with grease. So grease and water can mix and be washed away

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16
Q

Catalyst for vegetable oils + methanol —> biodiesel

A

Strong alkali catalyst

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17
Q

Vegetable oil + methanol —>

A

Biodiesel

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18
Q

Which is more reactive acyl chlorides or COOH

A

Acyl chlorides

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19
Q

Acyl chloride + water —>

A

COOH + HCl

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20
Q

Reagent and conditions for Acyl chloride + water

A

Water, room temp

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21
Q

Acid anhydride + water —>

A

COOH

22
Q

Reagent and conditions for acid anhydride + water

A

Water, room temp

23
Q

What type of mechanism is acyl chloride + water

A

Nucleophilic addition elimination

24
Q

Acyl chloride + alcohol —>

A

Ester + HCl

25
Q

Reagent and condition for acyl chloride + alcohol

A

Alcohol, room temp

26
Q

Observation for Acyl chloride + water

A

Steamy white fumes of HCl

27
Q

Observation for Acyl chloride + alcohol

A

Steamy white fumes of HCl

28
Q

Acyl chloride + ammonia —>

A

Amide + HCl

29
Q

Reagent and conditions for Acyl chloride + ammonia

A

Ammonia, room temp

30
Q

Acyl chloride + amine —>

A

N-substituted amide + HCl

31
Q

Observation for acyl chloride + ammonia

A

White smoke of NH4Cl

32
Q

Acid anhydride + alcohol —>

A

Ester + COOH

33
Q

Reagents and conditions for acid anhydride + alcohol

A

Room temp, alcohol

34
Q

Acid anhydride + ammonia —>

A

Amide + COOH

35
Q

Reagent and conditions for Acid anhydride + ammonia

A

Ammonia, room temp

36
Q

Acid anhydride + primary amine —>

A

N- substituted amide + COOH

37
Q

Reagent and conditions for acid anhydride + amine

A

Amine, room temp

38
Q

In the production of aspirin why is the minimum volume of hot solvent used

A

To obtain a saturated solution and to enable crystallisation on cooling

39
Q

What reasons are there for a loss of yield in the production of aspirin (3)

A

Crystals lost when filtering/ washing
Some product stays in the solution after recrystallisation
Other side reactions occur

40
Q

What happens to the MP if impurities are present

A

The MP will be lower and it will melt over a range of degrees

41
Q

Ethanoic anhydride is chosen over ethanoyl chloride for the production of aspirin, why?

A

Doesn’t produce toxic HCl
Doesn’t have to be anhydrous so cheaper
The by product (ethanoic acid) can react further to give more product

42
Q

Why isn’t ethanoic acid used in the production of aspirin

A

Ethanoyl chloride and ethanoic anhydride are faster and produce higher yields

43
Q

Reagent for the formation of a hydroxynitrile

A

HCN or a mix of KCN and HCN

44
Q

What type of reaction is the formation of a hydroxynitrile

A

Nucleophilic addition

45
Q

What reagent is needed to reduce an aldehyde

A

NaBH4 dissolved in methanol and water

46
Q

What is an aldehyde reduced to

A

A primary alcohol

47
Q

What are ketones reduced to

A

Secondary alcohols

48
Q

What are advantages of biodiesels

A

Renewable
Less CO2
Fewer pollutants
Non- toxic

49
Q

Advantages of using methyl esters over triglycerides as fuels in car engines

A

They don’t have glycerol in so it doesn’t make carbon depositions of pistons
They’re less viscous
More reliable in cold winter

50
Q

What type of reaction reduces aldehydes and ketones to alcohols

A

Nucleophilic addition

Chemistry (4 decks)

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