Carboniferous Limestone

Question 1

Distribution

Answer 1

Found across the UK in bands, forms most of Pennines hills

Question 2

Characteristics

Answer 2

Physically strong, chemically weak
Well jointed
Bedding planes between beds

Question 3

Surface feature: what is a limestone pavement?

Answer 3

Blocks (clints) and jointed gaps called grykes

Question 4

What are swallow holes?

Answer 4

Are formed when chemical weathering widens surface joints

Question 5

What are dry valleys?

Answer 5

Formed by a river during a wetter period in the past

Question 6

What is resurgence?

Answer 6

When water emerges from underground

Question 7

Underground features: what is a cavern?

Answer 7

When a narrow gorge collapses forming a large underground cave

Question 8

What’s a swallow hole?

Answer 8

The river flows down the swallow hole and widens the joints and bedding

Question 9

How are stalactites formed?

Answer 9

An icicle like calcite feature hanging reform the cavern roof

Question 10

How are stalagmites formed?

Answer 10

A stumpy calcite formed on a cavern floor

Question 11

What is a pillar?

Answer 11

When a stalactite and stalagmites join

Question 12

What is a curtain?

Answer 12

A broad deposit of calcite formed when water emerges along a crack in the cave.

Question 13

Uses

Answer 13

Cement
Building
Sheep farming
Tourism

Question 14

What is the London aquifer

Answer 14

Rocks underneath form a basin called a sync line, water soaks into the chalk and the water percolates to form a reservoir.

Question 15

Advantages of quarrying?

Answer 15

Hope quarry,employs 200 peeps
Employee income is spent in local area, boosting business
After extraction will become a nature reserve

Question 16

Disadvantages of quarrying

Answer 16

Pollution
Disturbs locals
Eyesore
Congestion
Affects wildlife
Pollutes rivers

Question 17

Facts about hope quarry

Answer 17

1.5 mill tonnes of cement makes 2 mill tonnes of limestone 
Trees have been planted
Now managed as a wetland reserve
Employs 200 local peeps
Quarry has 30-35 years of reserves left 
Lafarge group

Question 18

Hope quarry reducing impacts

Answer 18

Trees planted 700 to reduce 1 mill tonnes of co2 each year
Efforts to reduce dust
£15 mill on public transport
Using rail as opposed to lorries, 57 lorries is 1 train

Question 19

Paxton pits restoration

Answer 19

Expanding from 77 hectares to more 280 hectares
27km of footpaths
Nature reserve
River

Question 20

The Eden project

Answer 20

2 and a Half years and £140 mill turning it into a park

Used to educate visitors on how to maintain a green sustainable lifestyle

Question 21

Formation

Answer 21

Sedimentary rock formed in the Carboniferous period about 340 mill years ago