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A Level Geography > Carbon- Enquiry Question 2 > Flashcards

Carbon- Enquiry Question 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What factors affect energy consumption?

A

Physical Availability

Technology

Cost

Climate

Economic Development

Environmental Priorities

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2
Q

What factors affect the energy mix of a country?

A

The energy needs of a country

Cultural and historical legacies and geopolitical links

Changing consumption patterns linked to population and economic growth

National and regional policies

Accessibility of primary resources

Availability of primary resources domestically

Financial costs

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3
Q

What is primary energy?

A

Natural energy resources that have not been converted into another from of energy

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4
Q

What is secondary energy?

A

Refers to what the primary source had been converted into

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5
Q

What is the UK energy mix?

A

Coal and Oil - 1%

Natural Gas - 38%

Wind - 20%

Biomass - 12%

Solar - 6%

Nuclear - 19%

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6
Q

What is the energy security definition?

A

Access to reliable and affordable energy resources, either domestically or from friendly overseas countries

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7
Q

Examples of energy players?

A

Energy companies

Consumer

Governments

TNCs

OPEC

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8
Q

What is an energy pathway?

A

Describes the flow of energy between a producer and a consumer eg ship or railways

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9
Q

Threats to energy pathways, what are they?

A

Natural obstacles eg vast distances

Weather / natural hazards

Militant action including piracy

Political tensions and disagreements

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10
Q

What are unconventional fossil fuels?

A

Unconventional fossil fuels are fuels that are produces using different methods than those used as conventional fossil fuels

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11
Q

Why are unconventional fossil fuels used?

A

Peak oil becomes an increasing threat

Cost of fossil fuels are increasing

Fossil fuels are finite

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12
Q

Examples of unconventional fossil fuels?

A

Tar sands in Canada

Shale Gas in the USA

Deep water oil in Brazil

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13
Q

What are biofuels?

A

Fuels derived from living matter eg agricultural crops, forestry or fishery products and various forms of waste

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14
Q

What is a primary biofuel? Examples?

A

Fuelwood, woodchips and pellets and other organic material used in unprocessed form primarily for heating, cooking or electricity generation

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15
Q

What is a secondary biofuel?

A

Derived from the processing of biomass and include liquid biofuels such as ethanol and biodiesel which can be used by vehicles and in industrial processes

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16
Q

Advantages of biofuels?

A

Lower CO2 emissions for the economy

Supposedly carbon neutral

17
Q

Disadvantages of biofuels?

A

Less space for food production

Increased deforestation

High Wastage

Displacement of cattle ranches

Carbon neutrality questionable

18
Q

What are radical technologies?

A

New approaches using state of the art technology which aim to reduce co2 emissions in the near future

19
Q

Examples of radical technologies?

A

Electric cars, hydrogen fuel cells, carbon capture and storage

20
Q

Advantages of a hydrogen fuel cell?

A

It’s not going to run out

Produces no pollution - if renewables are used

Could reduce dependence on fossil fuels for transport

21
Q

Disadvantages of fuel cells?

A

Requires a large amount of energy to separate the elements

Water Vapour is considered a greenhouse gas, so an increase in water vapour could lead to an increase in temperatures

If renewable sources aren’t available then fossil fuels may be needed to separate the different elements

22
Q

Advantages of electric cars?

A

Cheaper to run a petrol / diesel car

Produces no pollution

Could reduce dependence on fossil fuels for transport

Massively reduced noise pollution compared to a petrol / diesel car

23
Q

Disadvantages of electric cars?

A

Expensive to buy due to the technology

Charging times are improving but can take a while for a full charge

The quietness could be a hazard to pedestrians

The ‘greenness’ of an electric vehicle depends on the energy profile of the country eg: using renewables or non renewables for charging.

24
Q

What is carbon capture and storage (CCS)?

A

A system that collects CO2 emissions from fixed points such as power plants, then transports the Gad and injects ir into a suitable geological structure ( over 800m below ground ).

25
Q

Advantage of CCS?

A

CCS could cut global CO2 emissions by 19% and could extend the use of fossil fuels as well as encourage greater efficiency

26
Q

Disadvantage of CCS?

A

Expensive as there is complex technology involved

It isn’t certain whether the CO2 will stay trapped underground as it may leak

Could cause earthquakes due to the pressure created

27
Q

Examples of CCS?

A

Canada opened the first coal fired power plant with CCS in 2014 at a cost of US$1.3 billion. It reduces emissions by 90%

A Level Geography (12 decks)

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