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2-General Principles Exam 3 > Carbon Dioxide/ AGM Examples > Flashcards

Carbon Dioxide/ AGM Examples Flashcards

1
Q

Review the reaction process with carbon dioxide with soda lime.

A
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2
Q

When is the soda lime absorber most efficient?

A

Soda lime absorbs most efficiently when the moisture content is between 10-20%

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3
Q

Why is moisture essential for Carbon Dioxide Absorption?

A

Moisture is essential because the reactions take place between ions that exist only in the presence of water

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4
Q

What is true about carbon dioxide absorbents with low moisture content?

A

Absorbents with low moisture content exhaust rapidly

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5
Q

What can be added to increase the speed of Carbon Dioxide Absorption?

A

Activators (NaOH, KOH) added to increase speed of reaction

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6
Q

Why is KOH less common Carbon Dioxide Absorber?

A

KOH less common – implicated in reactions that produce carbon monoxide and compound A

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7
Q

How much heat and energy is released with Carbon Dioxide Absorption?

A

The overall exothermic carbon dioxide absorption reaction releases approximately 13,000 kcal of heat energy for every 22.2 liters (1 mole) of carbon dioxide absorbed

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8
Q

What temperatures within the soda lime can be reached with Carbon Dioxide Absorption?

A

Temperatures within soda lime can reach 45 to 50 degrees Centigrade

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9
Q

What is the average to maximum production of CO2 by anesthetized adult?

A

12-18 L/hr

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10
Q

What is the standard grandula size?

A

4 to 8 mesh is standard size for granules

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11
Q

Define four mesh granule.

A

A granule that will pass through a screen with four wires per linear inch

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12
Q

Define eight mesh granule.

A

A granule that will pass through a screen with eight wires per linear inch

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13
Q

What is true about the mesh number and the absorbent particle?

A

The higher the mesh number the smaller the absorbent particle

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14
Q

What is the property of large granules?

A

Larger granules have less resistance to flow but are less efficient secondary to smaller surface areas relative to their mass

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15
Q

What is added to effect the hardness and friability of granulas?

A

Inert silica and kieselguhr added to granules to increase hardness and decrease friability

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16
Q

What is present on each granula? What does it do?

A

Each granule has pitted pores to increase the surface area

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17
Q

What are the thre most important factors for absorbent granules?

A
  • Size
  • Porosity
  • Nature of the granule surface
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18
Q

Review Carbon Dioxide Absorption: Granule Size.

A
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19
Q

Review Characteristics of Absorbents.

A

Table 16.5

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20
Q

What is the relationship of dust and Carbon Dioxide Absorption?

A

Dust (fines) from soda lime implicated in laryngospasm, bronchospasm and machine failure

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21
Q

What can all current carbon dioxide absorbents cause?

A

can cause irritation to mucus membranes

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22
Q

When does channeling occur?

A

Occurs in loosely packed canisters or when the canister design allows the gases to pass along the sides

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23
Q

What does gas take?

A
  • Gas takes the path of least resistance
  • Leads to exhaustion of granules exposed to gas flow
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24
Q

What needs to be done to prevent channeling?

A

Shake canister before installation into circle system

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25
Q

What indicated absorbent exhaustion?

A

Indicator dye is an acid or base that is added to the absorbent to signify absorbent exhaustion

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26
Q

What type of indicator dye is added to the carbon dioxide absorber to indicate exhaustion?

A
  • Ethyl violet
  • At a pH of 10.3 the ethyl violet changes from colorless to blue-purple
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27
Q

What can occur after exhaustion?

A
  • No true regeneration
  • Absorbent color reversion can occur after rest
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28
Q

What is the amount of reversion dependent on?

A

Amount of reversion dependent upon length of the rest period

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29
Q

Review clinical signs of carbon dioxide absorbent exhaustion.

A

Box 16.15

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30
Q

What do you do if granule exhaustion occurs during a case?

A

Steps to take for granule exhaustion during a case: increase FGF 1-2x MV & replace at end of the case

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31
Q

What does soda lime degrade?

A

Degrades most current volatile agents

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32
Q

What volatile agent is degraded the most?

A

sevoflurane

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33
Q

What volatile agent is degraded the least?

A

desflurane

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34
Q

What did the soda lime use to contain?

A

Historically contained a high amount of potassium and/or sodium hydroxide

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35
Q

What happens when soda lime is desiccated? (2)

A
  • Exothermic degradation of inhalational agents
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36
Q

What can be produced by soda lime and sevoflurane?

A

Reaction with volatile anesthetic to form Compound A with sevoflurane

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37
Q

Sevoflurane _____ in soda lime

A

unstable

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38
Q

What does sevoflurance produce?

A

Produces compound A

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39
Q

What levels are compound A dangerous?

A
  • Lethal at 130-340 ppm
  • Produces renal injury at 25-50ppm in rats
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40
Q

What compound A levels are achievable in clinical practice?

A

Compound A concentrations of 25-50ppm are achievable in clinical practice

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41
Q

What can increase compound A levels?

A

Levels increase with increased absorber temperature, low flow rates, high sevoflurane concentrations, anesthetics of long duration, and absorbent dessication

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42
Q

What can help decrease the chance of compound A?

A

Product insert – Avoid fresh gas flows less than 1-2 L/min for more than 2 MAC hours

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43
Q

How is carbon monoxide formed?

A

Formed when desflurane*, enflurane or isoflurane pass through dry (dessicated) alkaline rich absorbents (e.g. potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide)

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44
Q

What can help decrease the chance of carbon monoxide formation (3)?

A
  • Turn off oxygen at end of case
  • Change absorbents regularly
  • Use low flows to avoid drying
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45
Q

What do the bellows do?

A

Compressed gas (oxygen or air) serves as driving mechanism to compress bellows

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46
Q

What do ventilator relief valve maintains?

A

Ventilator relief valve (bellows pop off valve, spill valve, overflow valve) maintains circuit volume and pressure by releasing gas to the scavenger in the amount equal to the fresh gas flow per minute

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47
Q

When do bellows open?

A

Only opens during expiratory phase

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48
Q

What happens to inspiration to the driven bellows?

A

During inspiration driving gas closes the relief valve

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49
Q

What happens to the bellows when they open during expiration?

A

During expiration a weight in the relief valve holds the path to the scavenger closed until the bellows are filled

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50
Q

How much positive end expiratory pressure in the breathing circuit is generated with the bellows open?

A

Generates 2-3 cmH2O

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51
Q

What is the important difference between ascending/standing and descending/hanging bellows?

A

when there is a disconnection or a major leak the ascending/standing bellows will collapse

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52
Q

What happens when a disconnection occurs with descending/hanging bellows?

A

the ventilator will continue its up and down movements drawing in room air and driving gas during its descent and discharging it during the upward movement

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53
Q

How do you differientate between ascending/standing and descending/hanging bellows?

A

watching during expiration

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54
Q

What bellows rise during expiration?

A

Ascending bellows

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55
Q

What bellows descend during expiration?

A

descending bellows fall

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56
Q

What type of bellows are found in most AGM?

A

Most modern anesthesia machines have ascending bellows because they are thought to be safer

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57
Q

Where do ascending bellows attached?

A

Attached at the base of the assembly

58
Q

What happens to the ascending bellows during inspiration?

A

Compress downward during inspiration

59
Q

What happens to the ascending bellows during expiration?

A

During exhalation expand upward

60
Q

Where do descneding bellows attach?

A

Attached at the top

61
Q

What happens to the descending bellows during inspiration?

A

Compress upward during inspiration

62
Q

What happens to the inside the descending bellows?

A

Inside the dependent portion of the bellows is a weight that facilitates re-expansion downward during exhalation

63
Q

What do Piston Driven Ventilators use?

A
  • Use electric motor to compress gas in a rigid piston during inspiration
  • Use no driving gas
64
Q

How is volume delivered in the piston ventilators?

A

Volume delivered by the piston is determined by the distance the piston moves

65
Q

How do Piston Driven Ventilators work?

A

When a volume is set to be delivered the piston is moved the distance required to delivery the set volume to the patient

66
Q

What are the advantages of piston driven versus bellows design?

A
  • Quiet
  • Precise tidal volume
  • No PEEP
  • Fewer compliance losses
  • Electricity is driving force of the piston so if pipeline fails can continue without exhausting oxygen cylinder
  • Capable of all modern ventilation modes
67
Q

What are the disadvantages of piston driven versus bellows design?

A
  • Not visible
  • Quiet
  • Cannot easily accommodate non-rebreathing circuits
  • Potential for negative end-expiratory pressure and dilution of patient’s inspired gas with room air
68
Q

Review the modes of ventilation.

A
  • Volume controlled ventilation
  • Pressure controlled ventilation
  • Synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation
  • Pressure controlled ventilation with volume guarantee
  • Pressure support ventilation
  • Continuous positive airway pressure
  • Bilevel positive airway pressure
  • Positive end expiratory pressure
69
Q

Review the scavenging system.

A
70
Q

What is the scavenging system?

A

Collection of waste anesthetic gases from the breathing circuit and ventilator and their removal from the OR

71
Q

What must be done to avoid barotrauma or failure to ventilate?

A

An amount equal to the FGF must be scavenged each minute to avoid barotrauma or failure to ventilate

72
Q

What makes up the scavenging system? (5)

A
  • Gas collecting assembly
  • Transfer means
  • Interface
  • Disposal tubing
  • Gas disposal assembly
73
Q

Define gas collecting assembly.

A

Captures gases as the site of emission

74
Q

Define Transfer means.

A

Conveys gases to the interface

75
Q

Define interface.

A

Provides positive pressure or negative pressure relief and may provide reservoir capacity

76
Q

Define disposal tubing.

A

Conducts gases from interface to gas disposal assembly

77
Q

Define gas disposal assmebly.

A

Conveys gases to a point where they can be safely discharged

78
Q

Review transfer means location on the AGM.

A
79
Q

What is the most important part of the gas scavening unit?

A

Scavenging Interface

80
Q

What does the Scavenging Interface serve?

A

to prevent pressure increases or decreases in the scavenging system from being transmitted to the breathing circuit, patient lungs, or ventilator

81
Q

What are the different types of the scavenging interface?

A

Open versus closed

  • Closed seen on older machines
  • Closed useful where passive scavenging is used
  • Hospital accreditors require active scavenging is U.S.
82
Q

Where is the positive pressure relief valve located on the closed scavenging?

A

located on the interface

83
Q

What is the purpose of the Positive pressure relief valve on the closed scavenging?

A

If the suction attached to scavenger fails or if a hose distal to it becomes kinked the positive pressure relief valve opens before pressure buildup within the scavenger is transmitted to the breathing circuit and the lungs

84
Q

What can occur from excess positive pressure building up in the breathing system?

A

excess positive pressure build-up in breathing circuit –risk of barotrauma

85
Q

Where is the waste dumped back into with the Positive pressure relief valve?

A

Waste gas dumped back into OR

86
Q

Where is the Negative pressure relief valve located ?

A

on the interface for safe use with suction

87
Q

What happens to the Negative pressure relief valve?

A

When suction is excessive the negative pressure relief valve opens to draw in room air

88
Q

What does the negative pressure relief valve prevent?

A

Prevents emptying of gas from patient breathing circuit (could lead to excessive suction on the patient breathing circuit)

89
Q

Review open scavenging system.

A
90
Q

Where is the Open Scavenging System open to?

A

Open to the atmosphere; safer d/t less risk of positive/negative pressure being applied to breathing circuit

91
Q

What does the Open Scavenging System rely on?

A

on open relief ports for positive and negative pressure relief

92
Q

What are the characteristics of Open Scavenging System?

A

Each patient exhalation is led to the bottom of the open interface reservoir where a second tube withdraws it by suction before the next exhalation arrives

93
Q

What is critical for proper functioning of Open Scavenging System?

A

Appropriate suction is critical to proper functioning

94
Q

What can inadequate suction on the Open Scavenging System cause ?

A

Inadequate suction results in patient exhalations releasing waste gases into the OR

95
Q

What happens to the needle on the open scavenging system?

A

When the needle valve of the open reservoir scavenger is adjusted properly, flowmeter (suction indicator) float falls between two lines on the flowmeter

96
Q

Be able to id disposal tubing.

A
97
Q

Be able to ID gas disposal assembly.

A
98
Q

Who regulates waste gas exposure?

A

regulated by Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)

99
Q

What is waste gas exposure based on?

A

Based on time-weighted 8 hour average concentration

100
Q

What is the limit for waste gases?

A

Limit halogenated agents to 2 ppm or 0.5 ppm with nitrous oxide

101
Q

What is the recommended waste gas exposure?

A

Workers should not be exposed to an eight hour time-weighted average of > 2 ppm halogenated agents (not > 0.5 ppm if nitrous oxide is in use) or > 25 ppm nitrous oxide when used alone

102
Q

100% of a gas is _______ ppm

A

1,000,000

103
Q

1% is _______ ppm

A

10,000

104
Q

What is true about the smell of an agent and the population level?

A

If you can smell an agent, the pollution level approximately 5-300 ppm

105
Q

What are variables that alter waste reduction? (4)

A
  • Room ventilation
  • Condition of anesthesia equipment
  • Effectiveness of scavenger
  • Anesthetic technique of the user
106
Q

Review AGM Checklist.

A

Nagelhout - Boxes 16.22 and 16.23 (pp 267-271)

107
Q

What is the principle behind the Draeger apollo?

A

Uses a piston ventilator

108
Q

How is mechanical ventilation achieved with a draeger apollo?

A

Mechanical ventilator is activated in 2 steps: the mode is chosen, and then is confirmed by a second key press

109
Q

What are the ventilation modes altered by the Draeger apollo?

A

Ventilation modes offered: manual, spontaneous, VCV, PCV, PSV, autoflow, SIMV mode

110
Q

What is the checklist of the Draeger apollo?

A

Electronic checklist assists the user in preuse checkout

111
Q

What is not included in the Draeger Fabius GS?

A

Patient monitors are not included – have to be added on

112
Q

What is the battery of the Draeger Fabius GS?

A

45-minute battery reserve

113
Q

What remains after the battery is exhausted as the Draeger Fabius GS?

A
  • Pneumatic functions remain after the battery is exhausted:
  • Uses manual checklist w/several electronic self-tests (system, leaks, compliance)
114
Q

What is included in the GE Aisys?

A
  • Includes physiologic monitors
115
Q

What drives the bellows of the GE Aisys?

A

Oxygen-driven standing bellows

116
Q

What ventilator modes are present in the GE Aisys?

A

Ventilation modes: manual, spontaneous, VCV, PCV, PCV-VG, PSV-Pro, CPAP/PSV, SIMV, & PSV

117
Q

What is widely offered with the GE Aisys?

A
  • Wide-range of tidal volumes offered
  • Supports low-flow anesthesia
118
Q

What cassettes are used with the GE Aisys?

A

Uses Aladin cassette vaporizers

119
Q

What controls are present in the GE Aisys?

A

Electronic control, measurements, & display of fresh gas flow

120
Q

What does the user select on the GE Aisys?

A

User selects desired carrier gas (nitrous oxide or air), total fresh gas flow, & inspired gas concentration

121
Q

What is not present on the GE Aisys?

A

No needle valves or glass flowmeter tubes

122
Q

What is needed as a backup on the GE Aisys?

A

Backup needle valve & glass flowmeter tube

123
Q

What will not be delievered in the GE Aisys?

A

Will not deliver volatile agent or nitrous oxide w/o main power or battery backup & adequate oxygen pressure

124
Q

What is the prinicple of GE Aestiva?

A

Has traditional mechanical/pneumatic systems w/ a modern & capable ventilator

125
Q

What ventilator modes are present on GE Aestiva?

A

Uses oxygen-driven standing bellows capable of: manual, spontaneous, VCV, PCV, PSV-Pro, & SIMV

126
Q

What switch is present on the GE Aestiva?

A

1-step “bag/vent” switch

127
Q

What is the checkoff procedure of GE Aestiva?

A

Mostly manual checkout procedure

128
Q

What is true about the fresh gas flow and GE Aestiva?

A

No electronic capture of fresh gas flow

129
Q

What oxygen sensor is used in the GE Aestiva?

A

Uses galvanic fuel cell type oxygen sensor

130
Q

What is the backup power for GE Aestiva?

A

30-min battery reserve w/fresh gas, vaporizers, & ventilator

131
Q

What is the properties of GE Aespire?

A

Similar to Aestiva but more compact

132
Q

What modes are offered by the GE Aespire?

A

Offers volume control & pressure control modes of ventilation

133
Q

What is the GE Avance similar to?

A

Similar to Aisys

134
Q

What is the properties of the fresh gas flows of the GE Avance?

A

Has electronic fresh gas flow controls w/backup pneumatic control

135
Q

What ventilator modes are available on the GE Avance?

A

Modern multimode ventilator, spirometry, integrated physiologic monitoring

136
Q

What is different about the GE Avance?

A

Tec 6 & Tec 7 vaporizers different from Aisys

137
Q

What ventilation is available on the Mindray?

A

Offers multiple ventilation modes

138
Q

What does the Mindray offer?

A

Offers automatic preanesthesia machine checkout

139
Q

Id this ventilator.

A

Penlon

140
Q

What are the components of the Draeger Narkomed?

A
  • Older AGM
  • May still be used in some ASC and office-based practices

2-General Principles Exam 3 (11 decks)

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