Carbon Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

zooplankton

A

animal

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2
Q

phytoplankton

A

plants

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3
Q

process of biological carbon pump

A

animals eat the plants, carbon in the plants go to the animals - used for respiration and make calcium carbonate shells

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4
Q

process of biological pump after zooplankton dead

A

carbon released into the water by animals dying, decomposed plants then take it

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5
Q

Mangrove Soil

A

Sequester 1.5 metric tones of carbon a year

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6
Q

what does mangrove soil consists of

A

thick organic layers of little, humus and peat

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7
Q

what happens when mangrove soil is cleared

A

carbon released

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8
Q

what kind of soil is mangrove

A

soils are anaerobic as they are submerged in water, decomposition of plant matter is slow

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9
Q

Tundra Soil

A

much of soil is permanently frozen and contains ancient carbon

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10
Q

global warming and tundra soil

A

global warming is melting the tundra releasing carbon

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11
Q

what is active in the surface layer of tundra soil

A

microbe activity is only active in the surface layer when it thaws

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12
Q

what happens to the rest of matter in tundra soil

A

organic matter remains frozen so carbon is locked in the store

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13
Q

healthy soil characteristics

A
dark, crumbly, porous
contains worms and other organism 
provide air, water, nutrients
contain carbon and organic matter
sequester carbon
improved resistance to wetter weather
retain moisture
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14
Q

why do mangrove soil contain more soil than tundra

A

more layers for carbon to enter, an anaerobic means less carbon is released
tundra is frozen meaning no carbon is can leave or enter as its frozen

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15
Q

factors affecting energy consumption

A
physical available 
environmental problems
economic development
public perception 
technology 
cost
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16
Q

how is consumption of energy measured

A

kilograms of oil equivalent or megawatt hours per person - measure rises with economic development

energy intensity 0 assessed by calculating the units of energy used per unit GDP

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17
Q

name 4 energy players

A

OPEC - TNCS, CONSUMERS, GOVERNMENT

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18
Q

OPEC - Role

A

Control the pricing and how much their is

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19
Q

TNCs - Role

A

can set prices and sell to consumers - Shell

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20
Q

Consumers - Role

A

buy it and control how much is used

21
Q

Gocernment - Role

Energy

A

Regulate and work with TNCs and check the prices

energy security is priory

22
Q

Renewables and Recyclables

A

Nuclear, Wind Power, Solar Power

23
Q

factors that affect per capita energy consumption

A

physical availability
cost
standard of living
environmental pritories

24
Q

how does climate affect per capita energy consumption

A

high levels of energy consumption in, USA, Middle East, Australia

exit energy needed to make the extremes heat and cold more confortable

25
Q

Advantages of Nuclear Power

A

Low carbon energy sources
one of the smallest carbon footprint
reliable cost effective

26
Q

Disadvantages of Nuclear Power

A

nuclear waste
malfunctions can be catastrophic
high upfront cost
Uranium is non renewable

27
Q

How does Nuclear Power work

A

heats water to produce steam, steam is used to spin large turbines that generate electricity.

28
Q

Wind Turbines Advanatges

A

cost effective
wind creates jobs
domestic source of energy

29
Q

Wind Turbines Disadvantages

A

noisy
dangerous to wildlife
NIMBY - Not in my backyard

30
Q

what is causing a decline in ocean health

A

acidification and bleaching resulting in changes in food webs
fish and crustacean stocks are both declining and changing their distributions

31
Q

ocean health and tourism

A

places In the Caribbean that attract scuba divers with the coral reefs, are not bleaching and showing signs of degradation
sea level rise in the Maldives and Seychelles results in wall defences which don’t attract tourists

32
Q

factors influencing climate change uncertain prediction

A
oceans
population
gas use
aforestation
economies 
renewable energy
33
Q

Economies Climate Change Uncertainties

A

countries developing

34
Q

Ocean Health and Uncertainties

A

don’t know how ocean will change with carbons, as ph change biodiversity will change

35
Q

what is permafrost

A

Permafrost is ground that continuously remains below 0 °C for two or more years, located on land or under the ocean.

36
Q

what is peatland

A

Peatlands are terrestrial wetland ecosystems in which waterlogged conditions prevent plant material from fully decomposing.

37
Q

changes to thermohaline circulation

A

colder water getting warmer effects how much carbon is stored and used,

38
Q

what is adaptation

A

living with the problem not solving it

39
Q

mitigation

A

tackling the root cause of the problem

40
Q

Adaptation examples

A

solar radiation management - reflect sun rays back
water conservation and management
land use planning
resilient agriculture system

41
Q

Mitigation Examples

A
carbon capture storage - rebalancing carbon 
carbon taxation
renewable switching 
afforestation and reforestation 
energy efficiency
42
Q

Uncertainties about the future

A
the resilience of carbon sinks
rate of population growth 
degree of climate warming 
level of GHG emissions
release of carbon from peatlands and permafrost
43
Q

What is meant by afforestation

A

tree planting in UK increasing helping carbon sequestration, involves national trust, woodland trust

44
Q

France V USA - Energy Mix

A

USA rank 2
France rank 10
in energy consumption table

45
Q

why is total energy consumption for France a tength of the USA

A

population

46
Q

USA, France population

A

318million USA

64.6 Million France

47
Q

where does the USA get their energy

A

3/4 from fossil fuels

48
Q

what is the France energy mix

A

40% nuclear power

half coming from fossil fuels

49
Q

Energy Security France v USA

A

france is much well less placed than the USA
USA more self sufficient
nearly half of its primary energy is imported