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Physical Geography > Carbon Cycle > Flashcards

Carbon Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

zooplankton

A

animal

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2
Q

phytoplankton

A

plants

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3
Q

process of biological carbon pump

A

animals eat the plants, carbon in the plants go to the animals - used for respiration and make calcium carbonate shells

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4
Q

process of biological pump after zooplankton dead

A

carbon released into the water by animals dying, decomposed plants then take it

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5
Q

Mangrove Soil

A

Sequester 1.5 metric tones of carbon a year

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6
Q

what does mangrove soil consists of

A

thick organic layers of little, humus and peat

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7
Q

what happens when mangrove soil is cleared

A

carbon released

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8
Q

what kind of soil is mangrove

A

soils are anaerobic as they are submerged in water, decomposition of plant matter is slow

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9
Q

Tundra Soil

A

much of soil is permanently frozen and contains ancient carbon

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10
Q

global warming and tundra soil

A

global warming is melting the tundra releasing carbon

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11
Q

what is active in the surface layer of tundra soil

A

microbe activity is only active in the surface layer when it thaws

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12
Q

what happens to the rest of matter in tundra soil

A

organic matter remains frozen so carbon is locked in the store

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13
Q

healthy soil characteristics

A 
dark, crumbly, porous
contains worms and other organism 
provide air, water, nutrients
contain carbon and organic matter
sequester carbon
improved resistance to wetter weather
retain moisture
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14
Q

why do mangrove soil contain more soil than tundra

A

more layers for carbon to enter, an anaerobic means less carbon is released
tundra is frozen meaning no carbon is can leave or enter as its frozen

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15
Q

factors affecting energy consumption

A 
physical available 
environmental problems
economic development
public perception 
technology 
cost
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16
Q

how is consumption of energy measured

A

kilograms of oil equivalent or megawatt hours per person - measure rises with economic development

energy intensity 0 assessed by calculating the units of energy used per unit GDP

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17
Q

name 4 energy players

A

OPEC - TNCS, CONSUMERS, GOVERNMENT

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18
Q

OPEC - Role

A

Control the pricing and how much their is

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19
Q

TNCs - Role

A

can set prices and sell to consumers - Shell

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20
Q

Consumers - Role

A

buy it and control how much is used

21
Q

Gocernment - Role

Energy

A

Regulate and work with TNCs and check the prices

energy security is priory

22
Q

Renewables and Recyclables

A

Nuclear, Wind Power, Solar Power

23
Q

factors that affect per capita energy consumption

A

physical availability
cost
standard of living
environmental pritories

24
Q

how does climate affect per capita energy consumption

A

high levels of energy consumption in, USA, Middle East, Australia

exit energy needed to make the extremes heat and cold more confortable

25
Advantages of Nuclear Power
Low carbon energy sources one of the smallest carbon footprint reliable cost effective
26
Disadvantages of Nuclear Power
nuclear waste malfunctions can be catastrophic high upfront cost Uranium is non renewable
27
How does Nuclear Power work
heats water to produce steam, steam is used to spin large turbines that generate electricity.
28
Wind Turbines Advanatges
cost effective wind creates jobs domestic source of energy
29
Wind Turbines Disadvantages
noisy dangerous to wildlife NIMBY - Not in my backyard
30
what is causing a decline in ocean health
acidification and bleaching resulting in changes in food webs fish and crustacean stocks are both declining and changing their distributions
31
ocean health and tourism
places In the Caribbean that attract scuba divers with the coral reefs, are not bleaching and showing signs of degradation sea level rise in the Maldives and Seychelles results in wall defences which don't attract tourists
32
factors influencing climate change uncertain prediction
``` oceans population gas use aforestation economies renewable energy ```
33
Economies Climate Change Uncertainties
countries developing
34
Ocean Health and Uncertainties
don't know how ocean will change with carbons, as ph change biodiversity will change
35
what is permafrost
Permafrost is ground that continuously remains below 0 °C for two or more years, located on land or under the ocean.
36
what is peatland
Peatlands are terrestrial wetland ecosystems in which waterlogged conditions prevent plant material from fully decomposing.
37
changes to thermohaline circulation
colder water getting warmer effects how much carbon is stored and used,
38
what is adaptation
living with the problem not solving it
39
mitigation
tackling the root cause of the problem
40
Adaptation examples
solar radiation management - reflect sun rays back water conservation and management land use planning resilient agriculture system
41
Mitigation Examples
``` carbon capture storage - rebalancing carbon carbon taxation renewable switching afforestation and reforestation energy efficiency ```
42
Uncertainties about the future
``` the resilience of carbon sinks rate of population growth degree of climate warming level of GHG emissions release of carbon from peatlands and permafrost ```
43
What is meant by afforestation
tree planting in UK increasing helping carbon sequestration, involves national trust, woodland trust
44
France V USA - Energy Mix
USA rank 2 France rank 10 in energy consumption table
45
why is total energy consumption for France a tength of the USA
population
46
USA, France population
318million USA | 64.6 Million France
47
where does the USA get their energy
3/4 from fossil fuels
48
what is the France energy mix
40% nuclear power | half coming from fossil fuels
49
Energy Security France v USA
france is much well less placed than the USA USA more self sufficient nearly half of its primary energy is imported

Physical Geography (5 decks)

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