carbon compounds Flashcards
all compounds are classified into __________ compound and ____________ compounds
Organic compounds, inorganic
Matter in most living things, made up of mostly ________ compounds
organic compounds
do not contain carbon compounds
inorganic compounds
What type of bonds do carbons need to form with atoms of other elements to become stable
Covalent bonds
how many bonds can carbon form
single, double and triple
carbon compounds are built up from smaller, simpler molecules called ______
monomers
Mono means:
1
Poly means:
many
monomers bond to one another to form _________
polymers
What are larger polymers called?
macro molecules
monomers link to form polymers through a chemical reaction. Each time a monomer is added to a polymer, water is released. What reaction is this?
Condensation reaction
Which reaction releases water?
Condensation reaction
__________: the breakdown of complex molecules such as polymers (water is added, energy is released)
Hydrolysis
What is the opposite of a condensation reaction
a Hydrolysis reaction
What does ATP stand for
Adenosine, TriPhosphate
There are 4 main classes of organic compounds that are essential to the life processes of all living things. What are they?
Lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids
Carbohydrates are organic compounds composed of __________, _____________, and ____________ in a ratio of 1:2:1
carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
the monomer or “single unit” of a carbohydrate also known as a simple sugar
Monosaccharides
What is the general formula of a monosaccharide
C6H12O6
What are the most common monosaccharides?
Glucose, fructose, and galactose
Glucose, fructose and galactose are ______ because they have the same formula but different structural forms
isomers
What is an isomer
same formula, different structural forms
What is Glucose
a simple sugar
What is fructose
a sugar found in fruit
what is galactose
a sugar found in milk
_______ are made up of 2 monosaccharides that have bonded as a result of a condensation reaction
Disaccharides
Sucrose = ________ + _______
(compose of the monosaccharides)
fructose and glucose
Maltose = __________ + __________
(composed of the monosaccharides)
glucose + glucose
Lactose = ______________ + ___________
(composed of the monosaccharides)
glucose + galactose
_______________ are composed of 3 or more sugars bonded together as a result of condensation reactions
Polysaccharides
What are examples of Polysaccharides
Glycogen, starch, cellulose
the storage form of glucose in animals (stored in the liver)
Glycogen
What is glycogen
the storage form of glucose in animals (stored in the liver)
the storage form of sugar in plants
starch
what is starch
the storage form of sugar in plants
a major part of plant cell walls (not digestible)
cellulose
what is cellulose
a major part of plant cell walls (not digestible)
What is protein
proteins are organic compounds composed mainly of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen (COHN)
_________ are organic compounds composed mainly of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen (COHN)
Protein
Proteins are organic compounds composed mainly of _______,________, _________, and _______________,
carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen
What are proteins formed by
the linkage of amino acids
How many different amino acids are there?
20
What is the only thing that differs among amino acids?
the different shapes
what does the different protein shapes allow in proteins
it allows proteins to carry out different activities
________: 2 amino acids bond to form
Dipeptide
Dipeptide
needs 2 amino acids bonds to form
Peptide bond
in a condensation reaction, two amino acids form a covalent bond
Polypeptide
very long chains formed by amino acids
very long chains formed by amino acids
polypeptide
A protein can contain _______ of amino acids
hundreds
Proteins are often ______ and _______ upon themselves
bent, folded
What conditions can influence a proteins shape?
temperature, and the type of solvent a protein is dissolved in
_________ reduces the activation energy for a reaction
Enzymes
What are enzyme reactions dependent on?
a physical fit between the enzyme molecule and its substrate
_________: the reaction being catalyzed
substrate
the enzyme has folds or an _____ _______
active site
What has a certain shape that allows on a certain substrate to fit into
an active site
what can a change in an enzyme shape do to the chemical bonds in the substrate?
it can disrupt the chemical bonds
What do the chemical bonds do in a substrate (in an enzyme)
reduce activation energy
what can a change in enzyme shape result in?
an enzyme not working
what is another name for fats
lipids
what is another name for lipids
fats
_______ are non polar organic molecules
Lipids
Lipids do not dissolve in _______
water
Monomers: _______: a 3 carbon alcohol molecule with 8 OH on one side
Glycerol
Monomers: _________: long unbranched carbon chains that contain a polar carboxyl head on one end and a non polar tail on the other
fatty acids
What are 2 examples of monomers in lipids?
Glycerol and fatty acids
what are examples of polymers in lipids
Triglycerides, Phospholipids, Waxes, Steroids
What do triglycerides do
store energy
Triglycerides: 1 glycerol and ___ fatty acids
(Butter and Oils)
3
Phospholipids: 1 glycerol and __ fatty acids
(make up cell membrane)
2
Waxes: __ fatty acid chain joined to a long alcohol chain
(waterproof and protective)
1
Steroids: __ fused carbon rings
(Cholesterol, Testosterone, Estrogen)
4
_________________ are very large and complex organic molecules that store and transfer important info in the cell
Nucleic Acids
How many types of Nucleic Acids are there
2
What are the 2 types of Nucleic Acids
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acids)
What does a nucleotide contain
it contains 1 5-carbon sugar, 1 phosphate group and 1 nitrogenous base
