Carbon capture and unconventional hydrocarbons

Question 1

In order high to low what are the main emissions by sector

Answer 1

Power generation
Transport
Industry

Question 2

What are advantages of fossil fuels

Answer 2

Still plenty of recourses
Very good for base loads and dispatchable applications
Widley available technology
Cheap energy

Question 3

What is the cleanest fossil fuel

Answer 3

Gas

Question 4

What is the main disadvantage of using natural gas

Answer 4

Very few plans to build new plants, most of it is imported

Question 5

What is meant by unconventional gas

Answer 5

A commercially viable source of methane etc obtained by any means other than traditional

Question 6

What is the traditional method for extracting gas

Answer 6

Drilling into naturally permeable rocks containing free gas phases

Question 7

What rocks are conventional reservoirs of natural gas typically found in

Answer 7

Sandstone

Question 8

What are the 3 main types of unconventional hydrocarbons

Answer 8

Coal Bed Methane
Underground coal gasification
Shale gas

Question 9

What is coal bed methane

Answer 9

methane in carbon structure of coal trapped in tiny pours extracted by pumping out the water allowing gas to detach from coal and flow out

Question 10

What is underground coal gasification

Answer 10

In situ gasification process carried out in non-mined seams using injection of oxidants

Question 11

what is shale gas

Answer 11

Natural gas trapped within shale or other tight rock formations- needs fracking

Question 12

What is moth fracking fluid made up of

Answer 12

Non toxic fluids 90+% water

Question 13

Typically how deep are shale gas and coal bed methane targets

Answer 13

A few Km

Question 14

What are potential risks of shale gas

Answer 14

Overuse of water 
water contamination 
leaks and disposal of groundwater 
shallow aquifer contamination by leaking of conventional oil
Flow into shallow aquifers

Question 15

What are the 3 types of carbon capture storage

Answer 15

Post combustion
Pre combustion
Oxyfuel

Question 16

what sort of process is post combustion

Answer 16

absorption

Question 17

What are the advantages and disadvantages of Post combustion CCS

Answer 17

Retrofit opportunity and proven at pilot scale

Require large equipment and amine disposal

Question 18

What are advantages and disadvantages of pre combustion CCS

Answer 18

Existing chemical manufacture and hydrogen is produced new plants are expensive and harder to scale up

Question 19

What are the advantages and disadvantages of oxyfuel CCS

Answer 19

chemistry and flue gas is recycled

expensive

Question 20

Roughly how much of a penalty to overall energy output does CCS have

Answer 20

25-30% but with potential to get much smaller

Question 21

What is the best way to transport CO2

Answer 21

In the dense liquid phase

but pressure need to be maintained

Question 22

What is enhanced oil recovery

Answer 22

A method of utilizing the captured CO2 which improves amount of hydrocarbon that can be extracted from reservoirs

Question 23

What role does shale play in storing co2

Answer 23

Shale layers will trap the CO2

Question 24

What qualities make a good caprock for CCS

Answer 24

Low porosity and low permeability

Question 25

What properties make a good reservoir rock

Answer 25

High permeability and porosity

Question 26

What are the methods of trapping CO2

Answer 26

Physical trapping
Residual trapping
Mineral storage