Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids Flashcards
What elements do carbohydrates contain and in what ratio?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
2 hydrogen: 1 oxygen
What three groups can carbohydrates be classified into?
MONOsaccharides, eg. Glucose
DIsaccharides, eg. Sucrose
POLYsaccharides, eg.
What do monosaccharides and disaccharides have in common?
Small, soluble molecules
Easy to transport
Sweet to taste
Give three examples of simple sugars?
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
What are the basic monomers of carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides
What are monosaccharides mainly used for?
Provide energy in respiration
In growth during the formation of larger carbohydrates
Three examples of monosaccharides?
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
What’s the formula of monosaccharides?
C6 H12 O6
What result will the monosaccharides, glucose, fructose and galactose give in Benedict’s test?
Red brick colour as all reducing sugars
What’s the structure of a-glucose?
What’s an isomer?
Structural isomers are molecules with the same molecular formula but a different structural formula.
What’s the formula of disaccharides?
C12 H22 O11
When is a disaccharide formed?
Two monosaccharides joined together by a glycosidic bond in condensation reaction
What’s a condensation reaction?
Smaller molecules (monosaccharides) join together to form a larger molecule (disaccharide) with the release of water
Give three examples of disaccharides?
Maltose
Sucrose
Lactose
How is maltose formed?
Condensation of two glucose molecules
glucose + glucose = maltose + water
How is sucrose formed?
Condensation of a glucose molecule and fructose molecule
Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose + Water
How is lactose formed?
Condensation of a glucose and galactose molecule
glucose + galactose = lactose + water
What type of bond is a glycosidic?
Covalent bond
What’s an hydrolysis reaction?
Lysis (breakdown) of a larger molecule (disaccharide) into smaller molecules (monosaccharides) by the addition of water
How can disaccharides be hydrolysed?
Boiling with acid, eg. Dilute HCL
Heating with an enzyme at an optimum temp
What elements do lipids contain? (Proportions to carbohydrates?)
-Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
-lower proportion of oxygen and higher proportion of hydrogen compared to carbs
What’s the function of lipids?
-used in respiration
-as structural and storage molecules
What are triglycerides?
- consist of fats (solid) and oils (liquid) at room temp
-insoluble in water
-soluble in a range of organic solvents eg. Alcohol
Why are triglycerides ideal storage compounds?
- yield twice as much energy as carbohydrates when fully oxidised (respired)
- insoluble so osmotically inactive
How are triglycerides formed?
-Joining 3 fatty acids to 1 glycerol molecule
-during condensation reaction with the loss of 3 water molecules
What is the general formula of a fatty acid?
-R-COOH
-R= long hydrocarbon chain
-COOH= carboxylic acid group
Describe a saturated fatty acid.
-no double bonds between carbon atoms
-straight chain
-contains the most amount of hydrogen molecules it can
-bad fats (eg. Butter)
Describe an unsaturated fatty acid.
-contain one or more double bonds between carbon atoms
-kinky structure
-kinks give it an oily texture
-good fats (eg. Oils)
What’s the structure of glycerol?
What’s the bond formed between glycerol and a fatty acid in a condensation reaction?
Ester bond