CARBOHYDRATES PART 1 Flashcards
Learn Basic Carbs
Carbohydrates: is yielded by ________ and ________ or other substances that yield such compounds in hydrolysis.
-Empirical formula of _____
Polyhydroxy aldehydes and Polyhydroxy Ketones
(CH2O)n
Three Major Size Classes of Carbohydrates:
______saccarides
______saccarides
______saccarides
Monosaccharide
Oligosaccharide
Polysaccharide
Simple _____ composed of a single unit of _______ and ______
Sugar, polyhydroxy aldehyde and ketone
Monosaccharide
Consist of _____ chains of _______ units or residues joined by _____ bonds
Oligosaccharide
short,
monosaccharide,
glycosidic
Sugar Polymers containing more than __ or so monosaccharide units and some have ______ or thousands of units
Polysaccharide
20
hundreds
Naturally Occurring Monosaccharide contains _____ to _______ carbons atoms per molecule
Monosaccharides of Specific sizes are denoted ________ of carbon atoms and suffix ____
Example:
Tri__ no. of carbon atoms + suffic
Tetra__
Pent__
Hex___
________ is the simplest carbohydrate monosaccaride
3 to 7
Number, -Ose
3 carbon atoms + ose Triose
4 -Tetroose
5 -Pentose
6 -Hexose
Triose
Monosaccharides are classified into
________ and ________
Aldose contains an aldehyde group in the monosaccharide and Ketose contains ketone in the monosaccharide
Monosaccharides are described when combined to indicate the general names such as:
Aldotroses -___ carbon atoms
AldoPentoses:
Ketopentoses:
Ketoheptoses:
4 carbon atoms with an aldehyde group monosaccharide
5 C atoms with A
5 carbon atoms with a ketone group monosaccharide
6 C atoms with K
D and L; Forms _______ of Each Other
Classified by the carbon farthest from the Carbonyl Group… For sugar the most oxidized carbon from the top
If OH is on the Right its __ and if Left it is __
Mirror images
D, L
Monosaccharide Exhibit Stereochemistry:
Fischer Projections Help Visualize __________ of Atoms in a 2-dimensional plane
Develop by _________ German Chemist
3 Dimensional Arrangement
H. Emil Fischer
Penultimate Carbon is the _________center that is most _________ or _________ from the carbonyl carbon
Chiral, distant, farthest
D- monosaccharide written on the Fischer projections mean- The OH group is on the _____
while the OH of the L monosaccharide is on the ____
Right, Left
Naturally Occurring Monosaccharides are in ________
while synthetically produced are monosaccharide in ____ form
D form
L form
D glucose is more abundant in nature. _______ is present in all plants and animals
L- Glucose is not abundant in nature.
Aldotetroses
Enantiomers: Stereoisomers that are Mirror images
Diastereomers: Stereoisomers that are not mirror images
D- and L erythrose are Enantiomers while D and D Erythrose are Diastereomers
Dextrose
Study Structures of Different D Aldoses
Study Structures of Different D Aldoses
Labels for Monosaccharides that refer to the direction in which they rotate plane-polarized light.
Measures the angle by which a substance rotates plane polarized light
+ Dextrorotatory and - Levorotatory
Polarimerter
Rotate the Plane of Polarized Light Clockwise
Rotate the Plane of Polarized Light Counterclockwise
Dextrorotatory +
Levorotatory -
Monosaccharides can be classified by the
A. _________ of _______ atoms in the molecule
(e.g pentose and an hexose)
B. __________ group (Aldoses and Ketoses
C. __________ (D and L isomers)
D. __________ activity (+ versus - )
E. __________ structure (furanoses and pyranoses)
F. __________ at an anomeric carbon ( alpha vs Beta isomers)
Number of Carbon
Functional Group
Configuration
Optical Activity
Ring Structure
Stereochemistry
D and L notation refers to the _________, not the ________ of optical rotation, we need a _______ to determine if it is + or - monosaccharide
D doesn’t always mean + and L -
Configuration, Direction
