CARBOHYDRATES PART 1

Question 1

Carbohydrates: is yielded by ________ and ________ or other substances that yield such compounds in hydrolysis.
-Empirical formula of _____

Answer 1

Polyhydroxy aldehydes and Polyhydroxy Ketones
(CH2O)n

Question 2

Three Major Size Classes of Carbohydrates:
______saccarides
______saccarides
______saccarides

Answer 2

Monosaccharide
Oligosaccharide
Polysaccharide

Question 3

Simple _____ composed of a single unit of _______ and ______

Answer 3

Sugar, polyhydroxy aldehyde and ketone
Monosaccharide

Question 4

Consist of _____ chains of _______ units or residues joined by _____ bonds

Answer 4

Oligosaccharide
short,
monosaccharide,
glycosidic

Question 5

Sugar Polymers containing more than __ or so monosaccharide units and some have ______ or thousands of units

Answer 5

Polysaccharide
20
hundreds

Question 6

Naturally Occurring Monosaccharide contains _____ to _______ carbons atoms per molecule
Monosaccharides of Specific sizes are denoted ________ of carbon atoms and suffix ____
Example:
Tri__ no. of carbon atoms + suffic
Tetra__
Pent__
Hex___
________ is the simplest carbohydrate monosaccaride

Answer 6

3 to 7
Number, -Ose
3 carbon atoms + ose Triose
4 -Tetroose
5 -Pentose
6 -Hexose
Triose

Question 7

Monosaccharides are classified into
________ and ________

Answer 7

Aldose contains an aldehyde group in the monosaccharide and Ketose contains ketone in the monosaccharide

Question 8

Monosaccharides are described when combined to indicate the general names such as:
Aldotroses -___ carbon atoms
AldoPentoses:
Ketopentoses:
Ketoheptoses:

Answer 8

4 carbon atoms with an aldehyde group monosaccharide
5 C atoms with A
5 carbon atoms with a ketone group monosaccharide
6 C atoms with K

Question 9

D and L; Forms _______ of Each Other
Classified by the carbon farthest from the Carbonyl Group… For sugar the most oxidized carbon from the top
If OH is on the Right its __ and if Left it is __

Answer 9

Mirror images
D, L

Question 10

Monosaccharide Exhibit Stereochemistry:
Fischer Projections Help Visualize __________ of Atoms in a 2-dimensional plane
Develop by _________ German Chemist

Answer 10

3 Dimensional Arrangement
H. Emil Fischer

Question 11

Penultimate Carbon is the _________center that is most _________ or _________ from the carbonyl carbon

Answer 11

Chiral, distant, farthest

Question 12

D- monosaccharide written on the Fischer projections mean- The OH group is on the _____
while the OH of the L monosaccharide is on the ____

Answer 12

Right, Left

Question 13

Naturally Occurring Monosaccharides are in ________
while synthetically produced are monosaccharide in ____ form

Answer 13

D form
L form

Question 14

D glucose is more abundant in nature. _______ is present in all plants and animals
L- Glucose is not abundant in nature.

Question 15

Aldotetroses
Enantiomers: Stereoisomers that are Mirror images
Diastereomers: Stereoisomers that are not mirror images

D- and L erythrose are Enantiomers while D and D Erythrose are Diastereomers

Answer 15

Dextrose

Question 16

Study Structures of Different D Aldoses

Answer 16

Study Structures of Different D Aldoses

Question 17

Labels for Monosaccharides that refer to the direction in which they rotate plane-polarized light.
Measures the angle by which a substance rotates plane polarized light

Answer 17

+ Dextrorotatory and - Levorotatory
Polarimerter

Question 18

Rotate the Plane of Polarized Light Clockwise
Rotate the Plane of Polarized Light Counterclockwise

Answer 18

Dextrorotatory +
Levorotatory -

Question 19

Monosaccharides can be classified by the
A. _________ of _______ atoms in the molecule
(e.g pentose and an hexose)
B. __________ group (Aldoses and Ketoses
C. __________ (D and L isomers)
D. __________ activity (+ versus - )
E. __________ structure (furanoses and pyranoses)
F. __________ at an anomeric carbon ( alpha vs Beta isomers)

Answer 19

Number of Carbon
Functional Group
Configuration
Optical Activity
Ring Structure
Stereochemistry

Question 20

D and L notation refers to the _________, not the ________ of optical rotation, we need a _______ to determine if it is + or - monosaccharide
D doesn’t always mean + and L -

Answer 20

Configuration, Direction