Carbohydrates 2 Flashcards
Learn about Carbs 2
A polymer composed of multiple monosaccharides linked together.
Polysaccharide
Examples of Polysaccharides:
Major Structural Component of Plants-
Used for energy storage in plants -
Major structural component of the exoskeleton in invertebrates such as insects and crustaceans, also present in cell walls of algae, fungi, and yeast -
__________s
__________n
Cellulose
Starch
Chitin
Glycosaminoglycans
Peptidoglycan in cell walls
A polymer consisting of alpha-D-glucose units.
Components of ______
Starch
Amylose and amylopectin.
A continuous, unbranched chain of up to _____ alpha-D-glucose units joined by alpha ___-glycosidic bonds.
4,000
1,4
Amylose
Important enzymes of starch:
Enzymes that catalyze the_______ of alpha-___-glycosidic bonds in starch.
An exoglycosidase that ______ from the_______ end of the starch polymer.
An endoglycosidase that _______ glycosidic linkages anywhere along the starch chain to produce _____ and ______
_______ the hydrolysis of alpha-___-glycosidic bonds in starch.
Amylase
hydrolysis, 1,4
Beta amylase - cleaves, non-reducing
Alpha amylase - hydrolyzes
Glucose and Maltose
Debranching Enzymes
Catalyze, 1,6
A highly branched polymer consisting of ________units of D-glucose joined by alpha-___-glycosidic bonds and branches created by alpha-___-glycosidic bonds.
24-30
1,4-
1,6
Amylopectin
A complex formed between starch and iodine.
Amylose forms a helix with _______ per turn.
Iodine molecules are ______ to the long axis of the amylose helix.
Number of turns required for blue color
__turns of the helix, containing ______ residues, are required to produce the characteristic blue color of the complex.
Starch-iodine complex
six residues
parallel
Six, 36 glycosyl
A type of rice known for its stickiness when cooked.
Pinoy Kakanin or sushi
Contains a high amount of ________.
A gene responsible for the production of granule-bound ____ synthase, required for amylose ________ in rice endosperm.
Effect of the Waxy gene mutation - Reduced or absent amylose production in glutinous rice, leading to its sticky texture.
Glutinous/Sticky Rice
amylopectin
Waxy (Wx) gene, Starch, biosynthesis
A linear polymer of approximately _____ D-glucose units joined by beta-___-glycosidic bonds.
_________ of glucose that gives rise to Long chains that can hydrogen-bond to one another.
Repeating disaccharide in cellulose
It has fully extended conformation with alternating 180° flips of glucose units and extensive intra and intermolecular-hydrogen bonding between chains.
Cellulose, 2,800, 1,4
Beta-anomer
Beta-Cellubiose
A structural polysaccharide found in the exoskeletons of invertebrates and the cell walls of algae, fungi, and yeasts.
Structure: Composed of units of Monomer of chitin joined by _________-glycosidic bonds.
Repeating disaccharide in chitin
Chitin
N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. Beta-1,4
A dimer of N-acetylglucosamine.
Prokaryotic cell walls constructed on a framework of repeating NAM-NAG units joined by beta-1,4-glycosidic bonds.
Structure of Staphylococcus aureus peptidoglycan
The structural component of bacterial cell walls.
Repeating disaccharide in peptidoglycan
A chain of four amino acids attached to the NAM unit.
Cross-links between tetrapeptide side chains that provide structural strength to the peptidoglycan.
Sugars (NAM and NAG), amino acid residues of the tetrapeptide, and glycine residues of the pentapeptide.
Prokaryotic cell walls
Peptidoglycan
NAM-NAG.
Tetrapeptide side chain in peptidoglycan
Pentaglycine cross-links
Components of peptidoglycan
A type of polysaccharide-based on a repeating disaccharide with an amino sugar and at least one negative charge.
A glycosaminoglycan with a repeating disaccharide unit of N-acetyl-D-galactosamine-4-sulfate and D-glucuronate.
A glycosaminoglycan with a repeating disaccharide unit of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate.
Glycosaminoglycans
Chondroitin-4-sulfate
Hyaluronate
Examples of glycosaminoglycans
A natural anticoagulant.
A component of the vitreous humor of the eye and the lubricating fluid of joints.
Components of connective tissue.
Heparin,
hyaluronic acid,
chondroitin sulfate, keratan sulfate.
Uses of glycosaminoglycans
Used to help repair damaged cartilage, especially in the knees.
Results vary among individuals due to genetic differences. Some people may experience relief, while others may not.
Some people with damaged ligaments may consider using glycosaminoglycans as an alternative to knee surgery.
Generally easier to digest for humans due to enzymes like amylase and maltase.
Harder to digest for humans due to the lack of enzymes like cellulase, except for lactase.
Alpha Glycosidic Linkages
=Starch
A polysaccharide with alpha-1,4 and alpha-1,6 glycosidic linkages.
=Glycogen
Similar to amylopectin, but with more branching alpha-1,4 and alpha-1,6 glycosidic linkages.
Beta Glycosidic Linkages
=Cellulose
A polysaccharide with beta-1,4 glycosidic linkages.
=Lactose
A disaccharide with a beta-1,4 glycosidic linkage between galactose and glucose.
Alpha-glycosidic linkages
Beta-glycosidic linkages
