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Biochemistry module 8 > Carbohydrates Metabolism > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Metabolism Flashcards

0
Q

The cells that produce NADPH and other simple sugars use an alternative pathway for glucose metabolism

A

Pentose posphate pathway

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1
Q

allows for the complete oxidation of the major biomolecules, including glucose

A

TCA cycle

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2
Q

used as the electron carrier in fatty acid synthesis or lipogenesis

A

NADPH

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3
Q

In the end stages of glycolysis, pyruvate may be converted to lactate with the help of the enzyme

A

Lactate dehydrogenase

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4
Q

electron donor in glycolysis

A

NADH2

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5
Q

produced per molecule of glucose anaerobically

A

2 ATP

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6
Q

produced aerobically

A

38 ATP

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7
Q

carries the highest concentration of oxygen and yet is not capable of utilizing a single molecule of it

A

Red blood cell

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8
Q

TCA happen in

A

Mitochondria

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9
Q

Glycogen

A

Glucose 6 posphate

5c sugars

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10
Q

Pyruvate

A

Amino acid

Lactate

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11
Q

Acetyl Coa

A

Fatty acid

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12
Q

major storage form of glucose

A

Fatty acids

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13
Q

Glycogen

Fatty acid

A

Hydrated

Dehydrated

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14
Q

terminal 3-carbon molecule (propionic acid) during the beta-oxidation of odd-numbered fatty acids could be converted to the 3-carbon intermediates of gluconeogenesis

A

dihydroxyacetone phosphate and

diphosphoglyceraldehyde

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15
Q

Insulin regulates glucose, fatty acid and amino acid metabolism, but it responds primarily to

A

Serum glucose level

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16
Q

Insulin inhibits

A

lipolysis,
beta-oxidation and
gluconeogenesis

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17
Q

Beta oxidation

A

Converts fatty acids to energy

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18
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

Break downof amino adis to produce energy

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19
Q

disaccharides

A

Sucrose and maltose

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20
Q

monosaccharides

A

Glucose and fructose

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21
Q

Digestion of carbohydrates start as early as when they are being chewed in the mouth since saliva contains

A

Amylase

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22
Q

carbohydrates get into the small intestines do much of the digestion takes place with the help of

A

Pancreatic enzymes

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23
Q

Absorption of glucose through the intestines occurs primarily through

A

Fascilitated transport ( sodium )

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24
Q

Small intestines

A

Glut 5

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25
Q

Liver, beta cells of pancreas and kidneys

A

Glut 2

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26
Q

Adipose tissue, heart and skeletal muscle

A

Glut 4

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27
Q

In order to prevent this, it is immediately phosphorylated to glucose-6-phosphate by the enzyme

A

Hexokinase

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28
Q

Hexokinase

A

Glucokinase in the liver

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29
Q

Conversion of ____________also decreases the concentration of glucose inside the cell, thus allowing for more glucose to enter

A

Glucose 6 phosphate

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30
Q

Glucose-6-phosphate has three fates

A

PPP
Glycogen synthesis
Glycolysis

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31
Q

PPP

A

Ribose and other sugar

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32
Q

Glycolysis

A

Catabolic
Glucose to fatty acids
Major pathway of energy glucose

33
Q

in non-hepatic tissues

A

Hexokinase

34
Q

In the liver

A

Glucokinase

35
Q

has a higher Km than hexokinase and is not inhibited by glucose-6-phosphate

A

Glucokinase

36
Q

neither regulated by Insulin nor Glucagon

A

Hexokinase

37
Q

stimulates glycogen synthetase

A

Insulin

38
Q

Insulin stimulates malonyl CoA synthetase and diverts Acetyl CoA for

A

Fatty acids synthesis

39
Q

Decrease glucose

A

Decrease glucokinase

40
Q

High km

A

Glucokinase

41
Q

Low Km

A

Hexokinase

42
Q

Forward reaction catalyzed by

A

Posphofructokinase

43
Q

reverse reaction is catalyzed

A

Fructose 1-6 bi phosphate

44
Q

stimulates phosphofructokinase 1

A

Fructose 2-6 bi posphate

45
Q

Fructose 2,6biphosphate inhibits

A

fructose-1,6-biphosphatase

46
Q

because of the lack of inhibition of the enzyme fructose-1,6-biphosphatase by fructose-2,6-biphosphate

A

Gluconeogenesis

47
Q

Once pyruvate is formed, it is transported into the mitochondrion where it is converted to acetyl CoA by the enzyme

A

Pyruvate dehyrogenase

48
Q

This is strictly an irreversible reaction with the corresponding reaction/s in gluconeogenesis proceeding very differently. The reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme

A

Pyruvate kinase and produce 1 ATP

49
Q

inhibited by ATP and the amino acids alanine and phenylalanine

A

Pyruvate kinase

50
Q

also regulated by covalent modification and responds to a variety of signals

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase

51
Q

Glycogen metabolism is controlled by regulation of the enzymes

A

Glycogen phosphorylase

52
Q

Brain, placenta

A

Glut 1

53
Q

Beside to ribose, it is also produce by PPP for lipogenesis

A

NADPH

54
Q

Substrate of glycolysis

A

Glucose

55
Q

Product of glycolysis

A

Pyruvate and lactic acid

56
Q

Substrate of gluconeogenesis

A

Amino acid

57
Q

Product of gluconeogenesis

A

Glucose

58
Q

also the initial stage in the conversion of glucose into fatty acids

A

Glycolysis

59
Q

Enzyme in glucose to glucose 6 phosphate

A

Hexokinase or glucokinase

60
Q

When glucose levels are low, glucokinase has very little activity

A

Because of itshigh Km

61
Q

ignal for glycogenolysis in the skeletal muscle

A

Epinephrine

62
Q

n. a biochemical process, occurring chiefly in the liver and in muscle, by which glycogen is broken down into glucose.

A

Glycogenolysis

63
Q

glycolysis part of this reaction

A

Phosphofructokinase 1

64
Q

gluconeogenesis part of this reaction

A

Fructose 1 6 biphosphate

65
Q

Phosphoenol pyruvate  Pyruvate

A

Pyruvate kinase

66
Q

Once pyruvate is formed, it is transported into the mitochondrion where it is converted to acetyl CoA by the enzyme

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase

67
Q

Product of glycolysis

A

ATP

NADH2

68
Q

major hormone controlling gluconeogenesis

A

Glucagon

69
Q

step which determines the flux between glycolysis and gluconeogenesis

A

fructose-6-phosphate:fructose-1,6-biphosphate substrate cycle

70
Q

The removal of the phosphate group is done by an enzyme called ___________. This enzyme is found only in the liver and to a lesser extent in the renal cells

A

Glucose 6 phosphatase

71
Q

Enzyme involved in glycogenolysis

A

Glycogen phophorylase

72
Q

Enzyme involved in glycogenesis

A

Glycogen synthetase

73
Q

helps regenerate reduced glutathione

A

NADPH

74
Q

used to generate 3 molecules of ribose using reactions present in the pentose-phosphate pathway

A

fructose-6-phosphate and 1 molecule of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

75
Q

enzyme catalyzing the first reaction in fatty acid synthesis, the conversion of acetyl CoA to malonyl CoA

A

Acetyl Coa carboxylase

76
Q

inhibits acetyl CoA carboxylase thus inhibiting further fatty acid synthesis when fatty acid levels are already high

A

Actyl Coa

77
Q

Stimulates acetyl Coa carboxylase

Inhibits acetyl Coa carboxylase

A

Insulin

Glucagon

78
Q

When fatty acid synthesis from glucose is taking place, degradation of fatty acids through beta-oxidation in the mitochondrion is prevented by inhibition of

A

carnitine palmitoyl transferase I (CPT I

79
Q

Inside the mitochondrial matrix, further fatty acid synthesis from glucose is prevented by Acyl CoA by inhibiting

A

Cytrate syntethase

80
Q

citrate synthetase, an enzyme catalyzing the combination of acetyl CoA (from glucose) with oxaloacetic acid to form

A

Citrate

Biochemistry module 8 (4 decks)

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