Carbohydrates -Lipids Flashcards
What are the 3 types of macronutrients?
Carbohydrates, Protein, Lipids
What is a calorie?
unit of measure for
energy, that our body uses for all of our vital process.
How many
calories of energy
are contained in a
gram?
Protein, Digestive carbs, Alcohol, fats and oils, indigestive carbohydrates, water, minerals
Protein ~ 4
Digestive carbs ~ 4
Alcohol ~7
fats and oils ~9
indigestive carbohydrates ~ 0
water ~ 0
minerals ~ 0
what are complex carbohydrates? why are important?
Oligosaccharide
Polysaccharide
Ex. Starches ~ found in grain
starches characteristic
swelling
if starches are heated or in water they can expand
what is Starch Retrogradation
the realignment of starch polymers
causes: expulsion of water, staling
what does “modify starch” mean?
to prevent retrogradation, manufacturers chemically modify starches
what makes a “waxy” starch “waxy”
- Starches with high amylopectin percentages are
called “waxy” starches
ex. cornstarch
more amylopectin, the less retrogradation
what is a simple carbohydrate? why are they important?
contain 1-2 types of sugars
digest very quickly
what is a Monosaccharide?
the most basic form of any carb molecule
What is a disaccharide?
Simple carb
sucrose/ lactose
what is a oligosaccharide?
Complex carbs
Carb found in plants, human milk
what is the difference between complex and simple carbohydrates?
Complex carbohydrates are digested more slowly and release glucose into the blood stream more gradually. Simple carbohydrates are digested quickly and spike blood sugar faster and higher
why are complex carbohydrates important in the food industry?
foods contain modify staches
makes the product easier to use in certain recipes
What is a protein?
polymers composed of amino acids, linked together to make large molecules. Linear chains
What are the basic building blocks of a protein?
amino acids linked together by peptide bonds -> Secondary structure: B-Sheets are held together by hydrogen bonds -> tertiary structure held by hydrophobic interactions, sulfide crosslink, salt bridge, hydrogen bondings -> Quaternary structure
what are secondary structure and examples
Secondary structure: B-Sheets are held together by hydrogen bonds
Ex: Silk fibroin ~ the main protein in silk
what are tertiary structure and give an example
tertiary structure held by hydrophobic interactions: sulfide crosslink, salt bridge, hydrogen bondings
Ex: Fibrous protein used to create connective tissue
what are Quaternary structure and what are some examples?
Hemoglobin molecules
Ex: Enzymes, structural protein
Can we break down amino acids?
water chemically break up the peptide bond
Called: Hydrolysis
Hydrolysis is important to the Human body because it….
can break down essential amino acids from foods
Body is made of 60% water and 20% protein
why is hydrolysis important to the food industry?
Hydrolysis process is extensively used in the food industry for the transformation of cellulosic materials into fermentable materials by adding the enzymes.
What is a protein Denaturation,what structure gets disrupted, and what are the characteristic of denaturation food?
disruption, through acid or heat, of secondary and tertiary structures but not strong enough to break the peptide bonds
Ex: when an egg gets heated up the yok goes from a liquid to a gel
what do proteins effect in the human body?
repair and build the human tissue
