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BB450 > Carbohydrates II > Flashcards

Carbohydrates II Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of link holds Sucrose (Glucose+ Fructose) together?

A

Alpha1, Beta2 Diglycosidic Link

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2
Q

What kind of link holds Lactose (Glucose+ Galactose) together?

A

Beta-1,4 Glycosidic Bond

Does not have both hydroxyls in the anomeric carbons that are affected so it’s only a Glycosidic Bond.

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3
Q

What kind of link holds Maltose (Glucose+ Glucose) together?

A

Alpha-1,4 glycosidic Bond

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4
Q

What is the difference between Reducing vs Non-Reducing sugars?

A

Reducing sugars are a little more easily oxidized than non-reducing sugars.

If it has a free anomeric hydroxyl it is a reducing sugar

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5
Q

How to test if you have a reducing sugar?

A

You can put it in a Copper+2 solution and if electrons are given up, Copper +1 then there is a color change.

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6
Q

What is an example of a non-reducing sugar?

A

Sucrose

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7
Q

What are examples of reducing sugars?

A

Ribose

Lactose

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8
Q

What are oligosaccharides?

A

More than 2 sugar residues and less than 10 sugar residues

Found in glycoproteins

Play roles in cellular identity

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9
Q

What are characteristics of cellulose?

A

Gives structure integrity to plants

We cannot digest

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10
Q

What are characteristics of glycogen?

A

Storage of carbs for animals

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11
Q

Why is glycogen very branched?

A

Animals break down glycogen with an enzyme that breaks down glycogen starting at ends so having many branches helps.

Animals need a lot greater need for glucose

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12
Q

What are characteristics of Amylose?

A

Component of starch

Storage of carbs for plants

We can digest

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13
Q

What are characteristics of Amylopectin?

A

Component of starch

Storage of carbs for plants

Humans use a different enzyme to digest it than amylose

30-50 glucose between branches

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14
Q

What type of link and branch features does cellulose (polysaccharide) have?

A

Only glucose residues that are unbranched

Beta-1,4 Glycosidic links

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15
Q

What type of link and branch features does glycogen (polysaccharide) have?

A

Alpha-1,4 Glycosidic links

But also has Alpha-1,6 branches

7-11 glucose between branches of glycogen

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16
Q

What type of link and branch features does Amylose (polysaccharide) have?

A

Only glucose residues that are unbranched

Alpha-1,4 Glycosidic links

300-600 link repeated

17
Q

What type of link and branch features does Amylopectin (polysaccharide) have??

A

Only glucose residues that are branched

Mostly Alpha-1,4 Glycosidic links

But also has Alpha-1,6 branches

30-50 glucose between branches

18
Q

What type of link does chitin (modified polysaccharide) have? and what is its monomer sugar?

A

Beta-1,4 Glycosidic links

The monomer sugar is N-acetyl glucosamine

19
Q

What are characteristics of pectin?

A

Gelling agent

Used to make jelly

Polymer of galacturonic acid Alpha-1,4 bonds

It has an acidic proton so you will have an ion, so in a polymer you will have a polyanionic chain

They tend to be slimy

20
Q

What binds carbohydrates together?

A

Lectins- Proteins that bind to carbohydrates specifically part of innate immune system

21
Q

What are Phytohemagglutinins in plants?

A

Same as lectins in our body

22
Q

How do bacteria use Phytohemagglutinins?

A

Used by bacteria to attach to cells, the gut bacteria use it to attach to cell membrane so that they don’t get flushed out

23
Q

How do viruses use Phytohemagglutinins?

A

Used by viruses for cellular attachment of cellular receptors so they can inject DNA into them

24
Q

What does the Tamiflu drug do?

A

Tamiflu (drug) inhibits neuraminidase (that cuts cells) necessary for exit of flu virus of the cell.

25
Q

What makes up Glycoglycerolipids (glycolipid)?

A

Glycerol molecule attached to 2 fatty acids

26
Q

What is a Glycosphingolipid that has simple single sugar attached to it called?

A

Creates a molecule named Cerebrosides

27
Q

What is a Glycosphingolipid that has complex multiple sugars attached to it called?

A

Creates a molecule named gangliosides

28
Q

What are Glycosaminoglycans?

A

polyanionic polymer of modified sugars

29
Q

What are Peptidoglycans?

A

Peptidoglycans- Peptides/proteins liked to polyanionic polymer of modified sugars

30
Q

Where are N-linked- joined to asparagine Glycoproteins found?

A

E.R. and Golgi

31
Q

Where are O-linked- joined to serine and threonine Glycoproteins found?

A

Golgi apparatus

32
Q

What are Glycosaminoglycans?

A

Unbranched polyanionic saccharide polymer

33
Q

What are characteristics of Heparin?

A

Has a lot of Sulfates so it’s the most negatively charged molecule known.

Its used for anti-clotting

Why? Because it binds to calcium
So when there is no calcium it’s harder to make blood clots.

BB450 (16 decks)

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