Carbohydrates II Flashcards
What kind of link holds Sucrose (Glucose+ Fructose) together?
Alpha1, Beta2 Diglycosidic Link
What kind of link holds Lactose (Glucose+ Galactose) together?
Beta-1,4 Glycosidic Bond
Does not have both hydroxyls in the anomeric carbons that are affected so it’s only a Glycosidic Bond.
What kind of link holds Maltose (Glucose+ Glucose) together?
Alpha-1,4 glycosidic Bond
What is the difference between Reducing vs Non-Reducing sugars?
Reducing sugars are a little more easily oxidized than non-reducing sugars.
If it has a free anomeric hydroxyl it is a reducing sugar
How to test if you have a reducing sugar?
You can put it in a Copper+2 solution and if electrons are given up, Copper +1 then there is a color change.
What is an example of a non-reducing sugar?
Sucrose
What are examples of reducing sugars?
Ribose
Lactose
What are oligosaccharides?
More than 2 sugar residues and less than 10 sugar residues
Found in glycoproteins
Play roles in cellular identity
What are characteristics of cellulose?
Gives structure integrity to plants
We cannot digest
What are characteristics of glycogen?
Storage of carbs for animals
Why is glycogen very branched?
Animals break down glycogen with an enzyme that breaks down glycogen starting at ends so having many branches helps.
Animals need a lot greater need for glucose
What are characteristics of Amylose?
Component of starch
Storage of carbs for plants
We can digest
What are characteristics of Amylopectin?
Component of starch
Storage of carbs for plants
Humans use a different enzyme to digest it than amylose
30-50 glucose between branches
What type of link and branch features does cellulose (polysaccharide) have?
Only glucose residues that are unbranched
Beta-1,4 Glycosidic links
What type of link and branch features does glycogen (polysaccharide) have?
Alpha-1,4 Glycosidic links
But also has Alpha-1,6 branches
7-11 glucose between branches of glycogen
What type of link and branch features does Amylose (polysaccharide) have?
Only glucose residues that are unbranched
Alpha-1,4 Glycosidic links
300-600 link repeated
What type of link and branch features does Amylopectin (polysaccharide) have??
Only glucose residues that are branched
Mostly Alpha-1,4 Glycosidic links
But also has Alpha-1,6 branches
30-50 glucose between branches
What type of link does chitin (modified polysaccharide) have? and what is its monomer sugar?
Beta-1,4 Glycosidic links
The monomer sugar is N-acetyl glucosamine
What are characteristics of pectin?
Gelling agent
Used to make jelly
Polymer of galacturonic acid Alpha-1,4 bonds
It has an acidic proton so you will have an ion, so in a polymer you will have a polyanionic chain
They tend to be slimy
What binds carbohydrates together?
Lectins- Proteins that bind to carbohydrates specifically part of innate immune system
What are Phytohemagglutinins in plants?
Same as lectins in our body
How do bacteria use Phytohemagglutinins?
Used by bacteria to attach to cells, the gut bacteria use it to attach to cell membrane so that they don’t get flushed out
How do viruses use Phytohemagglutinins?
Used by viruses for cellular attachment of cellular receptors so they can inject DNA into them
What does the Tamiflu drug do?
Tamiflu (drug) inhibits neuraminidase (that cuts cells) necessary for exit of flu virus of the cell.
