Carbohydrates Chemistry Flashcards
Give an example about deoxysugars
2-deoxyribose which is present in DNA
Amino sugars enters in the formation of some carbohydrates molecules , give an example
Enters in the formation of GAGs , glycoproteins and glycolipids
Give an example about amino sugars
Glucoseamine and galactosamine
How occurs the formation of sugar alcohols
It is formed by reduction of monosaccharides
Give an example about the reduction of monosaccharides which produce sugar alcohols
For example :- Glyceraldehyde —> glycerol Ribose —> ribitol Glucose —> sorbitol Fructose —> sorbitol Mannose —> mannitol
Formation of sugar acids
Formed by oxidation of aldehyde group of monosaccharides
Give an example about sugar acids which is formed by oxidation of aldehyde group of monosaccharides
- aldonic acid
- uronic acid — oxidation —> glucoronic acid
- L-ascorbic acid “ vitamin C “
Vitamin C / L-ascorbic acid , it is formed at plants or humans ?
It is formed in plants from glucose ascorbic acid is not synthesized in humans
There us type of sugar acids essential synthesis of GAGs ( Glycos , Amino , Glycans )
Glucuronic acid , it is essential for GAGs synthesis
Give the monosaccharides derives
1 - sugar acids
2 - sugar alcohols
3 - amino sugars
4 - deoxy sugars
Importance of monosaccharides
- glucose is the main sugar present in blood —> it is the source of energy to all body cells
- pentoses enter in the structure of nucleic acids —> ribose —-> RNA , deoxyribose —-> DNA
- galactose is a component of lactose —> lactose is milk sugar —> disaccharide = glucose + galactose
- monosaccharides derivatives enters in the structure of cells and tissue .
Give an example about isomerism
- isomers
- aldo-keto isomers
- enantiomers
- epimers
- anomers
What is the simplest ketose
- The simplest ketose is “ dihydroxyacetone “
- C3 H6 O3
Give an example about ketoses/keto sugars except “ dihydroxyacetone “
- erythrulose —> tetroses —> C4 H8 O4
- ribulose and xylulose —> pentoses —> C5 H10 O5
- fructose —> hexoses —> C6 H12 O6
What is the mother compound of ketose/ketosugars
The simplest one which is “ dihydroxyacetone “
What is the mother compound of all aldoses
- The mother compound of all aldoses is the “ aldotriose “ - “ glyceraldehyde “
- C3 H6 O3
There is type of isomerism between aldo sugars and keto sugars which is it ?
Occurs between glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone and called “ aldo-keto-isomers “
There is a type of isomerism occurs between aldo sugars what is it
Occurs between D - glyceraldehyde and L - glyceraldehyde and it called enantiomers
What are the most important monosaccharides ?
Aldo sugars and keto sugars
Give an examples about aldo sugars except “ glyceraldehyde “
- Erythrose —> tetroses —> C4 H8 O4
- ribose and xylose —> pentoses —> C5 H10 O5
- glucose , mannose and galactose —> hexoses —> C6 H12 O6
The simplest carbohydrate sugar how much carbon contains ?
Contains 3 carbone atoms “ triose “ —> C3 H6 O3
What is the simplest sugar
Monosaccharide sugar
The monosaccharides are classified by two methods what they are ?
- Classified according to number of carbon —> for example —> hexoses “ 6 carbons “
- classified according to functional groups —> for example —> ketone group —> ketoses .
Classification of carbohydrates
- Carbohydrates are classified according to the hydrolysis products into :-
- monosaccharides —> contains one sugar units
- disaccharide —> contains two sugar units
- oligosaccharides —> contain from three to ten sugar units
- polysaccharides —> contain more than ten sugar units