Definitions Flashcards
What is the relation between protein and enzyme
The enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts “ biocatalysts “
What is the molecule that enzymes may act upon it ? And what is the result from that ?
The molecule that enzymes may act upon is called substrate —> the enzyme convert this substrate into different molecules known as products
What are the six elements that make 99% of living cells mass ?
Carbon , hydrogen , nitrogen , oxygen , calcium and phosphate , in addition to these elements human body require in small amount 18 element more !
What are the four main classes of molecules in biochemistry
Carbohydrates , lipids , proteins and nucleic acids
What are the principle biomolecules in the cells
Proteins, polysaccharides and nucleic acids
The formation of biopolymers or “ dehydration synthesis “ ?
Are formed by condensation reactions in which water is removed from the reacting monomer units .
What is the polymer chain of amino acid
Protein
Polysaccharide is a polymer chain from ?
Monosaccharides
Nucleotide is a polymer chain from ?
Nucleic acid
What is the meaning of the term “ monomer “
The monomer is a small macromolecule
What is the meaning of the term “ polymer “
The polymer is a large macromolecule composed of small macromolecule
What is the process of dehydration synthesis
It is when monomers are linked together to synthesis a biological polymer
Why proteins are often called polypeptides ?
Proteins are called polypeptides in reference to the fact that they are composed of amino acids held together by peptide bonds
What is the composition of peptide bonds
Peptide bond is a amide bond which are formed by the condensation of carboxyl group and amino group of the consecutive amino acids in the polymer chain
The structure of a nucleic acid ?
Nucleic acid is composed of nucleotide and the nucleotide is composed of monosaccharide , a nitrogenous base and one or more phosphate group !
What is the primary building block of lipids
The primary building block of many lipid is a fatty acids and a polar functional group as glycerophospholipid —> contain two fatty acids glycerol and a polar head group .
Branches of modern biochemistry
- descriptive biochemistry
- dynamic biochemistry
Metabolism
It is the sum of chemical reactions that take place within each cell and provide energy for vital processes for synthesizing new organic material
Anabolism
It is the process of building large molecules from small molecules
Catabolism
It is the process of breaking down large molecules into small molecules
Give an example about anabolic process
- the process of protein synthesis/building from amino acids
( protein = macromolecule = polymer )
( amino acids = micromolecules = monomer )
Give an example about catabolic process
Breaking down polysaccharides ( more then 10 sugars ) into oligosacharides ( from 3 to 10 sugars ) into monosaccharides ( just one sugars ) , which is the simplest type of carbohydrates .
metabolic pathways
- Catabolic pathway “ fuel oxidative pathway “
- anabolic pathway “ biosynthetic pathway “
- fuel storage pathway
- waste disposal pathway
All metabolic pathway is performed and regulated by ?
All metabolic pathways are performed by enzymes and co-enzymes and regulated by hormones !
Tell me about macronutrients
They some carbohydrates proteins and lipids —> they are required in the human body in grams !
Tell me about micronutrients
They some vitamins and minerals —> they required in the human body by micrograms