CARBOHYDRATES CHAPTER 3 Flashcards
what happens when an anomeric carbon of a carbohydrates reacts with an OH group in a slightly acidic conditions
a glycosidic bond is formed with the release of water (condensation)
what is the description and component monosaccharides of sucrose?
-common table sugar
-glucose1a > 2 fructose
what is the description and component monosaccharides of maltose
-product of starch hydrolysis
-glucose 1a > 4 glucose
what is the description and component monosaccharides of trehalose
-found in fungi
-glucose 1a > 1 glucose
what is the description and component monosaccharides of lactose
-main sugar in milk
-galactose 1b > 4 glucose
what is the description and component monosaccharides of melibiose
-found in legumes
-galactose 1a > 6 glucose
what are the functions of polysaccharide-complex sugar
-storage
-structural material
-connective tissue
-cell identification
-bacteria cell wall
example of polysaccharide-complex sugar that functions as structural material
cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, chitin, dextran, inulin
example of polysaccharide-complex sugar that functions as storage
starch and glycogen
example of polysaccharide-complex sugar that functions as connective tissue
glycosaminoglycan - i.e hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulphate, heparin, dermatan sulphate, keratan sulphate
example of polysaccharide-complex sugar that functions as cell identification
glycoprotein > proteoglycan
example of polysaccharide-complex sugar that functions as bacteria cell wall
polysaccharides
where are glycogen and starch stored?
granules in cells
what storage are starch and glycogen for?
starch = plants
glycogen = animals
main units of starch
amylose & amylopectin
what kind of molecules are amylose, amylopectin and glycogen
-amylose = a linear molecule (a 1-4)
-amylopectin & glycogen = branched polymers (a 1-4 & a 1-6)
what is cellulose
-major polysaccharide in woody and fibrous plants
-single most abundant single polymer in the biosphere
what enzyme can digest cellulose
cellulase
what type of polymer is cellulose
linear polymer of D-glucose
what linkage exist in cellulose?
B(1-4) glycoside
what are the components that are bonded to cellulose?
hemicellulose, pectin & lignin in plant cell walls
what other bond exist in cellulose
lots of hydrogen bonds occur in cellulose microfibrils (this is what make cellulose very strong n why human cant digest them)
what does each microfibrils consist of?
each microfibril consist of 50-100 cellulose molecules
what can cellulose also exist as?
Cellulose can exist as fully extended chains, with each glucose residue flipped by 180° with respect to its
neighbour
where can chitin be found
in exoskeletons of invertebrates, spiders, insects and crustaceans
what is the monomer of chitin
amino sugar N-acetyl glucosamine that is linked by B(1-4) bonds
what is chitin used for
Chitin is used in the food industry – to prolong shelf life of fruits & chitin linked to Fe is used to delay meat from going bad
what is deacetylated chitin?
Deacetylated chitin = Chitosan, used as filter in industries, in bandages as it clots blood rapidly, attract
fats (used in slimming) etc
what is dextran made of?
glucose linked in α 1→6 fashion with α 1→2,
1→3, 1→4 side chains.
where is dextran found in?
Found in yeast and bacteria.
functions of dextran?
- Main carbohydrate/component in dental plaque.
- Dextran are also used commonly by surgeons to decrease vascular thrombosis (formation of a clot in
blood vessels)
what is inulin
a plant polysaccharide for storage function
is inulin a polymer?
yes it is a polymer of fructose linked in B(2>1) fashion
functions of inulin
- A lot in onions, yam, garlic, in roots or rhizomes of plants.
- Inulin is used increasingly in foods because it has unusual nutritional characteristics. It ranges from completely blend to subtly sweet and can be used to replace sugar. It is suitable for diabetics because it has 1/4 to 1/3 energy of sugar.
- Inulin is also used to help measure kidney function by determining the glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
what is a glycosaminoglycan
polysaccharide found in the intercellular spaces between cells in tissues (extracellular) like cartilage, tendon, skin, arterial wall etc.
importance of glycosaminoglycan
structurally important in vertebrate animals
major functions of glycosaminoglycan
formation of matrix to hold together proteins components of skin and connective tissue
what is glycosaminoglycan made of
- Made up of a long chain of repetitive disaccharide units, ex:
chondroitin sulphate; - Each disaccharide unit is made up of an amino sugar and a monosaccharide with a negatively charged (–ve) sulphate or
carboxylate group (sugar acid). - Several types – hyaluronate, heparin, chondroitin 4 sulphate,
chondroitin 6 sulphate, dermatan sulphate, keratan sulphate
