Carbohydrates and Lipids Flashcards
What do all macromolecules contain?
Carbon
What is the function of Nucleic acids (DNA & RNA)?
Information storage and transmission
List 6 functions of proteins.
- Enzymatic catalysis
- Antibodies
- Hormonal signalling
- Structural proteins
- Contractile proteins
- Gas transport
What is the function of carbohydrates?
Energy source
List 3 functions of lipids (fats)?
- Energy source
- Membrane components
- Hormonal signalling
What is the general molecular formula of carbohydrates?
[C(H2O)] n
Carbohydrates are classified according to what?
The number of monomers.
List 4 forms of carbohydrates and how many monomeric units they contain.
- Monosaccharides (1 monomeric unit)
- Disaccharides (2 monomeric units)
- Oligosaccharides (3-10 monomeric units)
- Polysaccharides (>10 monomeric units)
What are isomers?
Compounds which contain the same atoms but are bonded to form different 3D arrangements.
Give 2 isomers of glucose. How many carbon atoms do these contain?
Fructose and Galactose. All contain 6 carbon atoms.
When a disaccharide is formed, what is eliminated and what kind of bond is formed?
Water is eliminated. A glycosidic bond is formed.
Which 2 monosaccharides join together to form sucrose?
Glucose and fructose.
Which 2 monosaccharides join together to form lactose?
Glucose and galactose.
Which 2 monosaccharides join together to form maltose?
Glucose and glucose.
What are the components of starch?
75% amylopectin
25% amylose
What kind of polymer of glucose is amylopectin and what kind of glycosidic bonds form it?
Branched chain polymer of glucose.
Formed by a-1,4 and a-1,6 glycosidic bonds.
What kind of polymer of glucose is amylose and what kind of glycosidic bonds form it?
Linear polymer of glucose.
Formed by a-1,4 glycosidic bonds only.
Where is cellulose obtained from and what kind of polymer of glucose is it?
Plant sources.
Linear polymer of glucose.
Where is glycogen obtained from and what kind of polymer of glucose is it?
Animal sources.
Extensively branched polymer of glucose.
What is dextrin and what kind of oligomer of glucose is it?
The breakdown of starch and glycogen.
Branched oligomer of glucose.
What are the 4 main types of important lipids?
- Fatty acids
- Triglycerides
- Cholesterol
- Cholesterol esters
Unsaturated fatty acids have at least one what?
C=C double bond.
What 2 things are joined together to form triglycerides?
Fatty acids and glycerol.
What are ketone bodies?
Small (4-carbon), water-soluble fatty acids formed by the liver during fasting, when they become important energy substrates for the brain.
What are the 3 main ketone bodies?
- Acetoacetic acid
- B-hydroxybutyric acid
- Acetone
Which type of reaction allows energy to be released from organic molecules?
Oxidation reactions.
What is oxidation?
The loss of electrons.
How are lipids transported through aqueous environments?
As lipoproteins.
What does the hydrophobic core of lipoproteins contain?
Triglycerides and cholesterol esters.
What does the hydrophilic surface of lipoproteins contain?
Phospholipids, free cholesterol, and apolipoproteins.
List the lipoproteins from least to most dense.
- Chylomicrons
- VLDLs
- LDLs
- HDLs
What is the main function of chylomicrons?
To deliver dietary (exogenous) TAG to the peripheral tissues.
What is the main function of VLDLs?
To deliver endogenous TAG to the peripheral tissues.
What is the main function of LDLs?
To deliver cholesterol to the peripheral tissues and liver.
What is the main function of HDLs?
To deliver cholesterol from the peripheral tissues to the liver for elimination.
