Carbohydrates and Lipids

Question 1

what are the 4 most important molecules of life?

Answer 1

carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids

Question 2

what are macromolecules?

Answer 2

polymers built from monomers

Question 3

how do macromolecules possess unique properties?

Answer 3

the arrangement of their atoms

Question 4

what are polymers?

Answer 4

long molecules consisting of monomers linked by covalent bonds

Question 5

how are polymers synthesized?

Answer 5

enzymes - monomers connect through a dehydration reaction (polymerisation)

Question 6

what breaks down the bonds between monomers?

Answer 6

hydrolysis

Question 7

what gives polymers diversity?

Answer 7

the different combos of monomers and lengths of polymers

Question 8

what do carbohydrates include?

Answer 8

sugars and polymers of sugars

Question 9

what are monosaccharides?

Answer 9

simple sugar monomers from which complex carbohydrates can be built

Question 10

what are disaccharides?

Answer 10

2 monosaccharides covalently joined by a glycosidic link

Question 11

what are polysaccharides?

Answer 11

carbohydrate macromolecules

Question 12

what is the pattern of monosaccharide formulae

Answer 12

multiples of C6H12O6 with a =O group and multiple hydroxyl groups

Question 13

what differentiates a ketose or aldose sugar?

Answer 13

the location of the =O group

Question 14

what shape do pentoses and hexoses typically take?

Answer 14

rings

Question 15

what is the major role of monosaccharides?

Answer 15

major nutrients for living cells

Question 16

what is the major role of polyssacharides?

Answer 16

storage or building material

Question 17

what is an example of a disaccharide?

Answer 17

maltose used in brewing beer

Question 18

what are the main characteristics of starch?

Answer 18

starch molecules are helical for efficient storage

starch molecules are branched

Question 19

what are the main characteristics of cellulose?

Answer 19

cellulose is straight and never branched

in plant cell walls, parallel cellulose molecules held together via H-bonds are grouped into microfibrils like cables.

Question 20

what is cotton made from ?

Answer 20

cellulose microfibrils

Question 21

what are the most important biological lipids?

Answer 21

fats
phospholipids
steroids

Question 22

t/f lipids are hydrophilic?

Answer 22

f - hydrophobic

Question 23

what is a fat constructed from?

Answer 23

a glycerol and 3 fatty acid molecules

Question 24

what is a fatty acid constructed from?

Answer 24

a long carbon skeleton and a carboxyl group

Question 25

what is a more efficient energy storage - fat or polysaccharides?

Answer 25

fat

Question 26

what are phospholipids made from

Answer 26

2 fatty acids attached to a glycerol and a negatively charged phosphate group

Question 27

how do cell membranes form?

Answer 27

the hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails form a phospholipid bilayer

Question 28

what are steroids made of?

Answer 28

lipids with a carbon skeleton made up of 4 fused rings

Question 29

what is cholesterol?

Answer 29

a steroid

a precursor for other steroids e.g. vertebrate sex hormones

Question 30

how does diversity occur in steroids?

Answer 30

the different groups attached to the rings