carbohydrates and lipid metabolism

Question 1

defined as the entire chemical reactions network of the body. Another name often used is intermediary metabolism. Most of the chemical reactions in the body are enzyme catalyzed. The intermediates, substrates or products of these enzyme catalyzed reactions are called as metabolites.

Answer 1

Metabolism

Question 2

a. is the major fuel for all types of cells in the body. Its oxidation produces energy
-is used for the formation of glycogen, pentoses, lactose and mucopolysaccharides _ center of energy consumption

Answer 2

Glucose

Question 3

g. Deficiency or absence of enzymes of glycogen metabolism causes

Answer 3

glycogen storage diseases

Question 4

i. Dietary galactose and fructose are converted to

Answer 4

glucose

Question 5

Deficiency of enzymes of galactose and fructose metabolism causes

Answer 5

galactosemia and fructosemia

Question 6

a metabolic disease due to defective glucose metabolism

Answer 6

diabetes mellitus

Question 7

• Degradation of glucose to two molecules of pyruvate or lactate by sequence of enzyme catalyzed reactions constitutes the process of
• a catabolic pathway
  -provides energy to cells

Answer 7

GLYCOLYSIS

Question 8

• If glucose is degraded to pyruvate then it is called
  -occurs in the presence of oxygen

Answer 8

aerobic glycolysis

Question 9

• If glucose is degraded to lactate then it is
  - the absence of oxygen

Answer 9

anaerobic glycolysis

Question 10

Enzymes of glycolysis are present in the

Answer 10

cytosol of most of the cells

Question 11

Glucose enters cells by

Answer 11

facilitated transport

Question 12

Glucose enters liver cells by

Answer 12

facilitated diffusion

Question 13

3. Deficiency of enzymes of erythrocyte glycolysis (pyruvate kinase) causes

Answer 13

hemolytic anemia

Question 14

4. Deficiency of muscle phosphofructokinase causes

Answer 14

decreased muscular performance and fatigue.

Question 15

is the end product of glycolysis in malarial parasite. LDH of parasite is different from human enzyme. Unlike human LDH parasite enzyme is not subjected to inhibition by substrate pyruvate

Answer 15

Lactate

Question 16

In brain tumors, lactate production is

Answer 16

10 times more

Question 17

1. Cyclic arrangement of sequence of reactions that convert acetyl-CoA to two molecules of CO2 is called as

Answer 17

citric acid cycle.

Question 18

Citric Acid Cycle is also called as

Answer 18

Tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or Krebs cycle

Question 19

Enzymes of citric acid cycle are present in

Answer 19

mitochondrial matrix.

Question 20

intermediates of TCA cycle are used for the synthesis of (a) Fatty acids, Cholesterol (b) Amino acids (c) Porphyrins (d) Glucose.

Answer 20

: In the liver

Question 21

3. In some liver diseases, like hepatitis and cirrhosis

Answer 21

amphibolic role of citric acid cycle is affected.

Question 22

excess glucose is stored as

Answer 22

glycogen.

Question 23

is the Synthesis of Glycogen from Glucose

Answer 23

Glycogenesis

Question 24

In the muscle, about how many grams of glycogen

Answer 24

245 gms

Question 25

amt of glycogen in the liver is about

Answer 25

72gms

Question 26

2 hormones the pancreas release that regulates blood glucose

Answer 26

insulin and glucagon

Question 27

maintain body glucose balance or body blood glucose level

Answer 27

pancreas

Question 28

is the process by which one molecule of glucose converted into 2 molecules of pyruvate

Answer 28

glycolysis

Question 29

is unable to mobilize fat rapidly

Answer 29

Skeletal muscle

Question 30

increase glycogenolysis in muscle and decrease glycogenesis

Answer 30

* Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 31

increases glycogenolysis and decreases glycogenesis in liver.

Answer 31

glucagon

Question 32

causes breakdown of glycogen in skeletal muscle to maintain fuel supply for muscle contraction

Answer 32

* Epinephrine

Question 33

causes inactivation of enzymes of glycogenolysis and activation of glycogen forming enzymes. As a result, glycogenesis occurs in liver and muscle.

Answer 33

Insulin

Question 34

A 70 kg individual may have lipid store of about

Answer 34

15 kg

Question 35

It occurs in premature infants and in newborns. It is due to inadequate formation or loss in urine due to renal leakage

Answer 35

Carnitine deficiency

Question 36

Deficiency of CAT-I in the liver leads to impaired fatty acid oxidation. As a result, hypoketonemia and hypoglycemia develops.

Answer 36

Hepatic carnitine acyl transferase deficiency

Question 37

Due to deficiency of CAT-II fatty acid oxidation is impaired in muscle. Muscle weakness and myoglobinuria are the main symptoms.

Answer 37

Muscle carnitine acyl transferase-II deficiency

Question 38

1. Synthesis of ketone bodies is

Answer 38

ketogenesis

Question 39

1. Degradation of ketone bodies is called

Answer 39

ketolysis

Question 40

uses ketone bodies for energy production.

Answer 40

Heart, kidney cortex, brain and to some extent skeletal muscle

Question 41

prefer to use ketone bodies rather than glucose

Answer 41

1. Heart and kidney cortex

Question 42

During prolonged starvation, brain derives most of energy from

Answer 42

ketone bodies

Question 43

is unable to use ketone bodies due to lack of enzymes

Answer 43

2. Liver

Question 44

Normal blood ketone bodies level is

Answer 44

1mg/100ml

Question 45

Hyper ketonemia and ketonuria give rise to

Answer 45

Ketosis

Question 46

Ketone body formation is impaired in some disease like carnitine deficiency and hepatic CAT-I deficiency

Answer 46

Hypoketonemia

Question 47

* It occurs in the liver, adipose tissue and intestine of non-ruminants. * Triglycerides synthesized in liver and intestines are transported to other tissues where as in adipose tissue triglycerides are stored.

Answer 47

Triglyceride biosynthesis

Question 48

. Carbohydrate or starchy diets produce ______ whereas diets rich are peanut oil or corn oil produce _____

Answer 48

hard fat, soft fat

Question 49

2. Extensive accumulation of lipid in the liver leads to condition known as

Answer 49

fatty liver

Question 50

is the major site of alcohol metabolism

Answer 50

Liver

Question 51

Alcohol consumption aggravates

Answer 51

gout and porphyrias

Question 52

* Bile also contains come free cholesterol. Na+, K+ tauro and glycocholate, Na+, K+ tauro and glycochenodeoxy cholate are called as

Answer 52

bile salts.

Question 53

* About 99% of bile acids secreted into intestine returns to liver through portal circulation. This is known as

Answer 53

enterohepatic circulation (from intestine to liver and back)

Question 54

Lysosome degrades cellular glycogen for how many percent?

Answer 54

1-3% of cellular glycogen

Question 55

2 types of metabolism

Answer 55

Catabolism and anabolism

Question 56

The intermediates, substrates or products of these enzymes catalyze reactions are called

Answer 56

Metabolites

Question 57

Brain consumes about _ _grams of glucose per day

Answer 57

100

Question 58

Building blocks of protein

Answer 58

Amino acids