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BIOCHEMISTRY > carbohydrates and lipid metabolism > Flashcards

carbohydrates and lipid metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

defined as the entire chemical reactions network of the body. Another name often used is intermediary metabolism. Most of the chemical reactions in the body are enzyme catalyzed. The intermediates, substrates or products of these enzyme catalyzed reactions are called as metabolites.

A

Metabolism

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2
Q

a. is the major fuel for all types of cells in the body. Its oxidation produces energy
-is used for the formation of glycogen, pentoses, lactose and mucopolysaccharides _ center of energy consumption

A

Glucose

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3
Q

g. Deficiency or absence of enzymes of glycogen metabolism causes

A

glycogen storage diseases

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4
Q

i. Dietary galactose and fructose are converted to

A

glucose

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5
Q

Deficiency of enzymes of galactose and fructose metabolism causes

A

galactosemia and fructosemia

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6
Q

a metabolic disease due to defective glucose metabolism

A

diabetes mellitus

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7
Q
  • Degradation of glucose to two molecules of pyruvate or lactate by sequence of enzyme catalyzed reactions constitutes the process of
  • a catabolic pathway
    -provides energy to cells
A

GLYCOLYSIS

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8
Q
  • If glucose is degraded to pyruvate then it is called
    -occurs in the presence of oxygen
A

aerobic glycolysis

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9
Q
  • If glucose is degraded to lactate then it is
    - the absence of oxygen
A

anaerobic glycolysis

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10
Q

Enzymes of glycolysis are present in the

A

cytosol of most of the cells

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11
Q

Glucose enters cells by

A

facilitated transport

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12
Q

Glucose enters liver cells by

A

facilitated diffusion

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13
Q
  1. Deficiency of enzymes of erythrocyte glycolysis (pyruvate kinase) causes
A

hemolytic anemia

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14
Q
  1. Deficiency of muscle phosphofructokinase causes
A

decreased muscular performance and fatigue.

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15
Q

is the end product of glycolysis in malarial parasite. LDH of parasite is different from human enzyme. Unlike human LDH parasite enzyme is not subjected to inhibition by substrate pyruvate

A

Lactate

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16
Q

In brain tumors, lactate production is

A

10 times more

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17
Q
  1. Cyclic arrangement of sequence of reactions that convert acetyl-CoA to two molecules of CO2 is called as
A

citric acid cycle.

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18
Q

Citric Acid Cycle is also called as

A

Tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or Krebs cycle

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19
Q

Enzymes of citric acid cycle are present in

A

mitochondrial matrix.

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20
Q

intermediates of TCA cycle are used for the synthesis of (a) Fatty acids, Cholesterol (b) Amino acids (c) Porphyrins (d) Glucose.

A

: In the liver

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21
Q
  1. In some liver diseases, like hepatitis and cirrhosis
A

amphibolic role of citric acid cycle is affected.

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22
Q

excess glucose is stored as

A

glycogen.

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23
Q

is the Synthesis of Glycogen from Glucose

A

Glycogenesis

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24
Q

In the muscle, about how many grams of glycogen

A

245 gms

25
Q

amt of glycogen in the liver is about

A

72gms

26
Q

2 hormones the pancreas release that regulates blood glucose

A

insulin and glucagon

27
Q

maintain body glucose balance or body blood glucose level

A

pancreas

28
Q

is the process by which one molecule of glucose converted into 2 molecules of pyruvate

A

glycolysis

29
Q

is unable to mobilize fat rapidly

A

Skeletal muscle

30
Q

increase glycogenolysis in muscle and decrease glycogenesis

A
  • Epinephrine and norepinephrine
31
Q

increases glycogenolysis and decreases glycogenesis in liver.

A

glucagon

32
Q

causes breakdown of glycogen in skeletal muscle to maintain fuel supply for muscle contraction

A
  • Epinephrine
33
Q

causes inactivation of enzymes of glycogenolysis and activation of glycogen forming enzymes. As a result, glycogenesis occurs in liver and muscle.

A

Insulin

34
Q

A 70 kg individual may have lipid store of about

A

15 kg

35
Q

It occurs in premature infants and in newborns. It is due to inadequate formation or loss in urine due to renal leakage

A

Carnitine deficiency

36
Q

Deficiency of CAT-I in the liver leads to impaired fatty acid oxidation. As a result, hypoketonemia and hypoglycemia develops.

A

Hepatic carnitine acyl transferase deficiency

37
Q

Due to deficiency of CAT-II fatty acid oxidation is impaired in muscle. Muscle weakness and myoglobinuria are the main symptoms.

A

Muscle carnitine acyl transferase-II deficiency

38
Q
  1. Synthesis of ketone bodies is
A

ketogenesis

39
Q
  1. Degradation of ketone bodies is called
A

ketolysis

40
Q

uses ketone bodies for energy production.

A

Heart, kidney cortex, brain and to some extent skeletal muscle

41
Q

prefer to use ketone bodies rather than glucose

A
  1. Heart and kidney cortex
42
Q

During prolonged starvation, brain derives most of energy from

A

ketone bodies

43
Q

is unable to use ketone bodies due to lack of enzymes

A
  1. Liver
44
Q

Normal blood ketone bodies level is

A

1mg/100ml

45
Q

Hyper ketonemia and ketonuria give rise to

A

Ketosis

46
Q

Ketone body formation is impaired in some disease like carnitine deficiency and hepatic CAT-I deficiency

A

Hypoketonemia

47
Q
  • It occurs in the liver, adipose tissue and intestine of non-ruminants.
  • Triglycerides synthesized in liver and intestines are transported to other tissues where as in adipose tissue triglycerides are stored.
A

Triglyceride biosynthesis

48
Q

. Carbohydrate or starchy diets produce ______ whereas diets rich are peanut oil or corn oil produce _____

A

hard fat, soft fat

49
Q
  1. Extensive accumulation of lipid in the liver leads to condition known as
A

fatty liver

50
Q

is the major site of alcohol metabolism

A

Liver

51
Q

Alcohol consumption aggravates

A

gout and porphyrias

52
Q
  • Bile also contains come free cholesterol. Na+, K+ tauro and glycocholate, Na+, K+ tauro and glycochenodeoxy cholate are called as
A

bile salts.

53
Q
  • About 99% of bile acids secreted into intestine returns to liver through portal circulation. This is known as
A

enterohepatic circulation (from intestine to liver and back)

54
Q

Lysosome degrades cellular glycogen for how many percent?

A

1-3% of cellular glycogen

55
Q

2 types of metabolism

A

Catabolism and anabolism

56
Q

The intermediates, substrates or products of these enzymes catalyze reactions are called

A

Metabolites

57
Q

Brain consumes about _ _grams of glucose per day

A

100

58
Q

Building blocks of protein

A

Amino acids

BIOCHEMISTRY (2 decks)

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