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Human Nutrition & Metabolism > Carbohydrates and dietary starch > Flashcards

Carbohydrates and dietary starch Flashcards

1
Q

Carbohydrates

What are the roles of carbs?

A

Metabolic fuel and energy store
Structural component of cell walls
Component of nucleic acids
Link with proteins and lipids

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2
Q

Carbohydrates

What are single units of carbs classed as?

A

Monosaccharides

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3
Q

Carbohydrates

What are 2 units of carbs classed as?

A

Disaccharides

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4
Q

Carbohydrates

What are 3-9 units of carbs classed as?

A

Oligosaccharides

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5
Q

Carbohydrates

What are 10+ units of carbs classed as?

A

Polysaccharides

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6
Q

Carbohydrates

What is the degree of polymerisation?

A

Number of carbon atoms

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7
Q

Carbohydrates

What parts of DNA and RNA are carbs?

A

Deoxyribose

Ribose

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8
Q

Carbohydrates

What is the main way the body stores carbs?

A

Glycogen

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9
Q

Carbohydrates

What are isomers?

A

Molecules with the same molecular structure but different chemical structures

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10
Q

Carbohydrates

How are glucose and fructose related?

A

They’re isomers

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11
Q

Carbohydrates

Which form of glucose can humans digest and why?

A

α-glucose

Human digestive enzymes can only digest α-linkages

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12
Q

Carbohydrates

What’s the difference between α and β glucose?

A

α glucose: H is up on 1C, OH bottom

β glucose: OH is up on 1C, H bottom

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13
Q

Carbohydrates

What are the uses for fibre?

A

Doesn’t cause a blood glucose spike (good for diabetics)

Can be used by bacteria in the large intestines

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14
Q

Carbohydrates

Cariogenic

A

Produces or promotes the development of tooth decay

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15
Q

Carbohydrates

What is a non-cariogenic alternative to sugar?

A

Polyols (sugar alcohols)

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16
Q

Carbohydrates

Polyols

A

Occur naturally in fruits
Water soluble
Vary in sweetness
Non-cariogenic

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17
Q

Carbohydrates

Are most ogliosaccharides digestible?

A

No

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18
Q

Carbohydrates

Which is easier to break down, branched or linear structures, and why?

A

Branched

Linear structures can become more compact

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19
Q

Carbohydrates

What is a digestible ogliosaccharide?

A

Maltodextrin

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20
Q

Carbohydrates

What food contains ogliosaccharides?

A

Soybeans
Lentils
Legume seeds

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21
Q

Carbohydrates

What happens when the ogliosaccharides in beans aren’t broken down?

A

Causes flatulence

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22
Q

Carbohydrates

Name two digestible polysaccharides

A

Starch

Glycogen

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23
Q

Carbohydrates

Name 3 non digestible polysaccharides

A

Cellulose
Pectin
β-glucan

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24
Q

Carbohydrates

What is the composition of starch?

A 
Linear amylose (20-30%)
Branched amylopectin (70-80%)
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25
Q

Carbohydrates

What are good sources of starch?

A

Potato
Rice
Wheat

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26
Q

Carbohydrates

Glycogen

A

The way excess glucose is stored in the liver

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27
Q

Carbohydrates

Glycemic carbohydrates

A

Can be hydrolysed by enzymes in gastrointestinal tract to monosaccharides
Absorbed in small intestine
Used in CHO metabolism

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28
Q

Carbohydrates

Non-glycemic carbohydrates

A

Not hydrolysed by enzymes in gastrointestinal tract

May ferment in the large intestine

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29
Q

Carbohydrates

What is amylose broken down into?

A

Maltotriose

Maltose

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30
Q

Carbohydrates

What is amylopectin broken down into?

A

Maltotriose
Maltose
Dextrins

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31
Q

Carbohydrates

What enzymes (in order) digest ogliosaccharides?

A 
Maltase
Maltase
α-dextrinase
α-dextrinase
Maltase
Sucrase
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32
Q

Carbohydrates

How are ogliosaccharides digested?

A

In steps using enzymes that remove one glucose molecule at a time

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33
Q

Carbohydrates

What do sugar transporters do?

A

Have individual roles

But together they move sugar from the intestine lumen into the blood

34
Q

Carbohydrates

What does SGLT1 do?

A

Sugar transporter

Moves Na+ and glucose/galactose in the enterocyte

35
Q

Carbohydrates

What are the cells of the intestinal lining called?

A

Enterocytes

36
Q

Carbohydrates

Where do you find the GLUT variety of sugar transporters?

A

All cells

37
Q

Carbohydrates

Where do you find GLUT 4?

A

Adipose tissue

Skeletal muscle

38
Q

Carbohydrates

Which sugar transporter is controlled by a hormone?

Which hormone?

A

GLUT 4

Insulin

39
Q

Carbohydrates

What does GLUT 5 do?

A

Moves fructose into the enterocyte

40
Q

Carbohydrates

What does GLUT 2 do?

A

Transports sugars from the enterocyte into the blood

41
Q

Carbohydrates

Ways that CHO can be metabolised in tissues

A

Glycolysis
Tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle
Anaerobic respiration

42
Q

Carbohydrates

What is the overall effect of glycolysis?

A

6C glucose broken down into two lots of 3C pyruvic acid

Some ATP produced

43
Q

Carbohydrates

High fructose corn syrup

A

Less expensive sweetening agent

Health concern about the amount of fructose present

44
Q

Carbohydrates

Why is digesting large amounts of fructose bad?

A

In large amounts it is converted directly into fat

Can cause obesity

45
Q

Carbohydrates

What happens when there is excess glucose in the blood?

A

Triggers release of insulin from the pancreas

Excess glucose converted into glycogen

46
Q

Carbohydrates

What does glycogenin do?

A

Starts glucogen production in the muscles

47
Q

Carbohydrates

Glycogenolysis

A

Regulated by hormones

Glycogen is broken down into glucose

48
Q

Carbohydrates

What hormones control glycogenolysis?

A

Glucagon

Adrenaline

49
Q

Carbohydrates

Gluconeogenesis

A

Glucose synthesis from non-carbohydrate sources

50
Q

Carbohydrates

What sources are used in gluconeogenesis?

A

Lactate
Pyruvate
Glycerol
Amino acids

51
Q

Carbohydrates

Cori cycle

A

Lactate is produced in the muscles during exercise and transported to the liver
This is converted to glucose which can then be used by the muscles

52
Q

Carbohydrates

Glucose-Alanine cycle

A

The pyruvate created in muscles when glucose is broken down is further broken down to alanine
This is transported in the blood to the liver
Alanine converted back into pyruvate to be used to make glucose

53
Q

Carbohydrates

Which metabolic pathway creates glucose from non-carbohydrate sources?

A

Gluconeogensis

54
Q

Carbohydrates

Which metabolic pathway converts glucose to glycogen?

A

Glycogenesis

55
Q

Carbohydrates

Which metabolic pathway converts glycogen to glucose?

A

Glycogenolysis

56
Q

Carbohydrates

Which metabolic pathway converts glucose to pyruvate which can then be used in further steps of ATP production?

A

Glycolysis

57
Q

Carbohydrates

Krebs cycle

A

Pyruvic acid from glycolysis enters mitochondrial fluid matrix
Produces NADH-H+, FADH2 some ATP

58
Q

Carbohydrates

Dietary fibre

A

Edible parts of plants or analogous carbs
Are resistant to digestion and absorption in the small intestine
Completely or partially ferment in large intestine

59
Q

Carbohydrates

What can dietary fibre promote?

A

Laxation
Blood cholesterol attenuation
Blood glucose attenuation

60
Q

Carbohydrates

What are the two types of dietary fibre?

A

Soluble

Insoluble

61
Q

Carbohydrates

Which type of fibre ferments?

A

Soluble dietary fibre

62
Q

Carbohydrates

Which type of dietary fibre is more viscous?

A

Soluble

63
Q

Carbohydrates

Lignin

A

Dietary fibre
Present in plants
Polyphenol (not a carb)

64
Q

Carbohydrates

What does hydration and viscosity result in?

A 
Delayed gastric emptying
Reduced mixing of GI contents with digestive enzymes
Reduced enzyme function
Decreased nutrition diffusion rate
Altered transit time
65
Q

Carbohydrates

Gastric emptying

A

Movement of food from stomach to intestines

66
Q

Carbohydrates

Hypoglycaemic

A

Low blood sugar levels

67
Q

Carbohydrates

Hypolipodemic

A

Low lipid content

68
Q

Carbohydrates

Bile acids

A

Emulsifies fat - makes it soluble

69
Q

Carbohydrates

How are bile acids made?

A

With cholesterols in the liver

70
Q

Carbohydrates

What happens if lignins, gums, pectins and/or hemicelluloses bind enzymes and nutrients?

A

Diminished absorption of lipids
Increased faecal bile acid excretion
Lowered serum cholesterol concentration
Altered mineral and carotenoid absorbtion

71
Q

Carbohydrates

What fibres are fermentable?

A 
Fructans
Pectin
Gums
Psyllium
Polydextrose
Resistant starch
72
Q

Carbohydrates

What type of fibre increases faecal bulk?

A

Non-digestible

73
Q

Carbohydrates

Resistant starch

A

Starch and products of starch

Not absorbed in the small bowel

74
Q

Carbohydrates

RS1

A

Physically inaccessible starch

Present in most grains

75
Q

Carbohydrates

RS2

A

Resistant starch granules

Found in raw potato and green bananas

76
Q

Carbohydrates

RS3

A

Retrograde starch

Caused by some food processing techniques

77
Q

Carbohydrates

RS4

A

Modified starches

78
Q

Carbohydrates

Low density lipoproteins

A

Transports cholesterol from the liver to the tissues

79
Q

Carbohydrates

High density lipoproteins

A

Transports cholesterol from the tissue to the liver to be used by the liver

80
Q

Carbohydrates

Which type of lipoprotein is the bad one?

A

LDL

81
Q

Carbohydrates

What value equates to low GI?

A

~50 and less

Human Nutrition & Metabolism (6 decks)

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