Carbohydrates and Diabetes Flashcards
What type of carbohydrate/ (saccharide) does the body primarily use for energy utilization?
What are the three main sugars used?
Monosaccharides are the main carbs the body uses for energy. Examples are the reducing sugars:glucose, fructose, and galactose.
Disaccharides come from common food sources what are some examples?
Sucrose (glucose + fructose)
Lactose (glucose + galactose)
Maltose (2 glucose)
What is the size/length difference between oligo- and polysaccharides?
Oligosaccharides=3-10 monomer uniter
Polysacharrides= >10 monomer units
Starch and Glycogen are….?
Polysaccharides. Starch is sourced from plants and glycogen is sourced from animals.
What happens when monosaccharides are taken into the body?
Fructose and galactose are converted into glucose.
Glucose is then released in the bloodstream OR stored in the form of glycogen.
How are disaccharides and polysaccharides broken down in the body?
Disaccharidesa are cleaved by specific intestinal enzymes.
Polysaccharides are broken down by amylase.
What are the SIX MAJOR metabolic pathways in the body?
Glycolysis (anaerobic) Glycogenolysis Gluconeogenesis Glyconeogenesis TCA cycle (aerobic) Pentose Phosphate/HMP shunt
In a nutshell what is happening in glycolysis? Glycogenolysis? Gluconeogenesis? Glyconeogenesis? TCA cycle? Pentose Phosphate/HMP shunt?
Glycolysis: Glucose—–>PyruvateLactate
Glycogenolysis: Glycogen——–>Glucose
Gluconeogenesis: (non-carbs)——->glucose
Glyconeogenesis: Glucose—->Glycogen
TCA: Glucose->Pyruvate->CO2, H2O, & ATP
Pentose Phosphate:
Glucose——>Ribose,CO2, & NADPH
Name seven hormones responsible for the control/regulation of glucose?
Insulin Glucagon Cortisol Epinephrine Growth Hormone (hGH) Thyroxine (T4) Somatostatin
Insulin is synthesized in in pancreatic beta-cells. What is first released and cleaved before to form insulin? What else is formed?
First, proinsulin is released and cleaved to form insulin and c-peptide which is biologically inactive.
What is the purpose of insulin and when is it released?
Insulin is released when blood glucose levels are high.
It signals cells (fat/muscle) to take up glucose, it inhibits glycogenolysis while increasing glycogenesis,glycolysis and lipogenesis.
What type of method is used to measure insulin? Why are the interpretations complicated?
Insulin is measured with the sandwich immunoassay to evaluate hypoglycemia, evaluate beta cell fnxnl reserve or insulin resistance.
Interpreting results can be a hassle because:
1) Assays are poorly standardized
2) Cross-reactivity with proinsulin (precursor to insulin)
3) antibodies to insulin interfere
4) cross reactivity with animal insulin
5) Hepatic metabolism
C-peptide is also measured with sandwich immunoassays.
Why may it be a better test at measuring hypoglycemia?
1) Insulinomas have normal insulin but high C-peptide levels
2 )No antibody effects
3) C peptide is not in exogenous insulin
4) No hepatic metabolism
Glucagon is made in pancreatic alpha cells. What is it’s function?
Secreted in response to low blood sugar and acts upon the liver to raise blood glucose, stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis and ketogenesis.
Also stimulates lipolysis.
Also an immunoassay but rarely measured.
Action of Cortisol?
Stimulates gluconeogenisis, proteolysis, and lipolysis.
Action of Epinephrine?
Stumulates glucagon secretion, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis, and inhibits insulin secretion.