Carbohydrates

Question 1

Insulin

Answer 1

Made by beta cells of pancreatic islets of Langerhans
Promotes glucose entry to liver, muscle, and adipose to store
Inhibits release of glucose from liver
Decreases blood glucose levels

Question 2

Somatostatin

Answer 2

Made by delta cells of pancreatic islets of Langerhans
Inhibits secretion if insulin, glucagon, growth hormone
Increases plasma glucose

Question 3

Growth hormone and adrenocorticotropic hormone

Answer 3

Raise blood glucose

Question 4

Cortisol

Answer 4

Secreted by adrenals

Stimulates glycogenolysis, lipolysis, and gluconeogenesis

Question 5

Glucagon

Answer 5

Secreted by alpha cells of pancreatic islets of Langerhans
Stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
Increases blood glucose

Question 6

Thyroxine

Answer 6

Secreted by thyroid
Stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
Increases glucose absorption from intestines

Question 7

Glucose renal threshold

Answer 7

160-180 mg/dL, above then glucose in urine

Question 8

Type 1 diabetes mellitus

Answer 8

Deficiency of insulin, need insulin to live
Polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss
Ketosis-prone

Question 9

Type 2 diabetes mellitus

Answer 9

Defect in insulin secretion, insulin action, and cellular resistance to insulin
Not dependent on insulin to live, associated with obesity/sedentary lifestyle, polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss
Non-ketosis prone

Question 10

Gestational diabetes mellitus

Answer 10

Onset during pregnancy
After birth, usually returns to normal, but increased chance for type 2 diabetes later in life

Test with OGTT
Fasting > 92 mg/dL
1 hour > 180 mg/dL
2 hour > 153 mg/dL

Question 11

Blood glucose levels

Answer 11

Normal fasting plasma glucose (FPG) < 100 mg/dL
Impaired fasting glucose = 100-125 mg/dL
> 126 mg/dL, check for diabetes with one other method

Question 12

3 diagnostic measures of diabetes mellitus

Answer 12

1 - casual plasma glucose > 200 mg/dL
2 - plasma glucose > 200 mg/dL at 2 hours of OGTT
3 - A1c > 6.5%

Question 13

Long term glucose measurements

Answer 13

A1c = last 2-3 months,
Ref. range = 4-6%

Fructosamine = last 2-3 weeks
Ref. range = 205/285 umol/L

Question 14

Glucose measurement methods

Answer 14

Glucose oxidase = creates colored product

Hexokinase = reduces NADP+ to NADPH

Question 15

Lactate

Answer 15

Produced under anaerobic metabolism, assess oxygen deprivation
Forms colored compound during test
Ref. range = 0.5-1.3 mmol/L