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Biology Chapter 1 (AQA) > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

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1
Q

Why are carbohydrates needed?

A

For energy

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2
Q

What are carbohydrates made of?

A

Hydrogen, oxygen and carbon

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3
Q

What type of compounds are carbohydrates?

A

Organic compounds

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4
Q

What is the single carbohydrate monomer?

A

Monosaccharide

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5
Q

What is a pair of monosaccharides called?

A

Disaccharide

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6
Q

What is the name for lots of monosaccharides bonded together?

A

Polysaccharide

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7
Q

What are three types of monosaccharides?

A

Glucose, fructose and galactose

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8
Q

What type of monosaccharide is glucose?

A

A hexose monosaccharide

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9
Q

Can monosaccharide dissolve in water?

A

Yes

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10
Q

What are the two isomers of glucose?

A

Alpha glucose and beta glucose

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11
Q

What are pentose monosaccharides?

A

5 carbon monosaccharides

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12
Q

What are two examples of pentose monosaccharides?

A

Ribose and deoxyribose

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13
Q

Where is deoxyribose found?

A

DNA

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14
Q

Where is ribose found?

A

RNA

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15
Q

What bond forms between two monosaccharides?

A

A glycosidic bond

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16
Q

What is the test for reducing sugars?

A

Benedict’s test

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17
Q

What is a reducing sugar?

A

A sugar that can donate electrons to and reduce another chemical

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18
Q

What is Benedict’s reagent?

A

An alkaline solution if copper(II) sulfate

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19
Q

What happens when Benedict’s reagent is heated with a reducing sugar?

A

It forms an insoluble red precipitate of copper (I) oxide

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20
Q

How is Benedict’s test carried out?

A
  • Add 2cm^3 of the food sample to be tested to a test tube in liquid form
  • Add an equal volume of Benedict’s reagent
  • Heat the mixture in a gently boiling water bath for five minutes
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21
Q

What is Benedict’s test?

A

Semi-quantitative

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22
Q

What is the colour change for a high concentration of reducing sugar?

A

Brick red

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23
Q

What is the colour change for a medium concentration of reducing sugar?

A

Yellowish brown

24
Q

What is the colour change for a low concentration of reducing sugar?

A

Yellowish green

25
Q

What is the colour change for a very low concentration of reducing sugar?

A

Green

26
Q

What is the colour change for no reducing sugars?

A

No change, will remain blue

27
Q

What reaction occurs when a monosaccharide forms a disaccharide?

A

A condensation reaction

28
Q

How do condensation reactions work?

A

Formation of water from the H2O that is lost

29
Q

How does a disaccharide go back to a monosaccharide?

A

Hydrolysis

30
Q

What happens during hydrolysis?

A

Water is added

31
Q

What disaccharide is formed when alpha glucose joins to alpha glucose?

A

Maltose

32
Q

What disaccharide is formed when glucose joins to fructose?

A

Sucrose

33
Q

What disaccharide is formed when glucose joins to galactose?

A

Lactose

34
Q

How is alpha glucose different to beta glucose?

A

In alpha glucose the H is above the OH on carbon 1, in beta glucose the OH is above the H on carbon 1

35
Q

How do you test for a non-reducing sugar?

A

Hydrolyse the disaccharide or polysaccharide into a monosaccharide and then carry out Benedict’s test

36
Q

How do you confirm that a reducing sugar isn’t present?

A
  1. Get the sample into its liquid form
  2. Add 2cm^3 of Benedict’s reagent to 2cm^3 of the food sample
  3. Place in a water bath, if no colour change, then a reducing sugar is not present
37
Q

How do you test for a non-reducing sugar?

A
  1. Add 2cm^3 of food sample to an equal amount of dilute HCL in a test tube and gently boil for 5 minutes. The dilute HCL will hydrolyse disaccharides into their monosaccharides
  2. Slowly add sodium hydrocarbonate to neutralise the HCL (Benedict’s wont work in acidic conditions) test with pH paper to check for alkaline
  3. Retest with Benedict’s
38
Q

What polysaccharide is a polymer of glucose?

A

Starch

39
Q

Where is starch found?

A

Chloroplast stroma

40
Q

What polysaccharide is a polymer of alpha-glucose?

A

Glycogen

41
Q

Where is glycogen found?

A

Muscle cells

42
Q

What polysaccharide is a polymer of beta-glucose?

A

Cellulose

43
Q

Where is cellulose found?

A

Plant cell walls

44
Q

What polysaccharide is a polymer of glucosamine?

A

Chitin

45
Q

What is glucosamine?

A

Glucose with an amino acid attached

46
Q

Where is chitin found?

A

The exoskeleton of Arthropods

47
Q

What is a three carbon sugar?

A

A triose sugar

48
Q

In the test for a reducing sugar, why would you not boil the test solution?

A

It would split a disaccharide into a monosaccharide

49
Q

How can you accurately measure the colour change for a positive result of a reducing sugar?

A

Use a colorimeter

50
Q

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

A
  • immediate respiratory substrates
  • energy stores
  • structural components
  • metabolites
  • cell-to-cell attachment molecules
  • transport
51
Q

Give an example of a carb acting as a respiratory substrate

A

Glucose

52
Q

Give an example of carbs being used as energy stores

A
  • glycogen in mammals

- starch in mammals

53
Q

Give examples of carbs being used as structural components

A
  • cellulose in plant cell walls
  • chitin in arthropod exoskeletons
  • pentose sugars (ribose and deoxyribose are components of RNA and DNA respectively)
54
Q

Give an example of carbs being used as metabolites

A

Intermediates in biochemical pathways

55
Q

Give an example of carbs being used as cell-to-cell attachment molecules

A

Glycoproteins and glycolipids on the plasma membranes

56
Q

Give an example of carbs being used for transport

A

Sucrose in plant phloem tissue

Biology Chapter 1 (AQA) (32 decks)

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