Carbohydrates

Question 1

alpha anomer glucose

Answer 1

C1 -OH is down

http://www.nutrientsreview.com/carbs/monosaccharides-glucose.html

Question 2

beta anomer glucose

Answer 2

C1 -OH is up

http://biologyatsandringham.pbworks.com/w/page/24799865/F212%20-%202-1-1%20-%20Biological%20Molecules%20(LAF-SAN)

Question 3

beta glycosidic bond of sugars

Answer 3

both down

https://thebiochemsynapse.wordpress.com/tag/glycosidic-bond/

Question 4

maltose and lactose

Answer 4

http://chemistry.tutorvista.com/organic-chemistry/glycosidic-linkage.html

Question 5

alpha glycosidic bond

Answer 5

http://iverson.cm.utexas.edu/courses/310N/MOTD%20Fl05/MOTDsp04/Disaccharides.html

Question 6

proteoglycan

Answer 6

carbohydrate with attached proteins

Question 7

glycoprotein

Answer 7

protein with attached carbohydrates

Question 8

glycoprotein and blood type

Answer 8

glycoprotein with the following attached carbohydrates present themselves and determine blood type

Type A: N-acetylgalactosamine
Type B: Galactose
Type O: none

Question 9

glycophorin

Answer 9

glycoprotein important in RBC membranes

keeps RBCs from sticking as cell moves through vessels

Question 10

glycoprotein functions

Answer 10

cell signaling/receptors, blood group antigen, lubricant, plasma protein (immunoglobins, coagulation, anticoagulation)

Question 11

dolichol phosphate

Answer 11

in ER to initiate synthesis of complex sugars

Question 12

proteoglycan functions

Answer 12

negatively charged under physiological conditions due to the occurrence of sulfate and uronic acid groups.

GAGs (glycosaminoglycans) are carbohydrate polymers and are usually attached to extracellular matrix proteins to form proteoglycans Proteoglycans have a net negative charge that attracts positively charged sodium ions (Na+), which attracts water molecules via osmosis, keeping the ECM and resident cells hydrated. Proteoglycans may also help to trap and store growth factors within the ECM.

in connective tissue

absorb large amounts of H2O to form solutions with high viscosity and elasticity

Question 13

aggrecan

Answer 13

proteoglycan important in cartilage of joints
provides viscous lubrication
bottle brush shape

Question 14

hyaluronate

Answer 14

proteoglycan in synovial fluid and viteous humor of the eye

Question 15

chondroitin sulfate

Answer 15

most abundant proteoglycan

found in cartilage, tendons, ligaments, and the aorta

Question 16

dermatan sulfate

Answer 16

proteoglycan in skin, blood vessels, and heart valves

Question 17

heparin and heparan sulfates

Answer 17

most highly charged proteoglycans

heparin has alpha glycosidic bonds; is an anticoagulant and lipid clearing agent

heperan sulfate is on the surface of tissue like blood vessels and the brain

Question 18

keratan sulfate

Answer 18

proteoglycan in cornea and cartilage

Question 19

mucopolysacchridosis

Answer 19

genetic disorder leading to excessive secretion and accumulation of GAGs
deficiency of lysosomal hydrolases
skeletal abnormalities (keratan and dermatan sulfate)
mental retardation and neural degeneration (heparan sulfate)

Question 20

types of mucopolysacchridosis

Answer 20

1) Hurler’s: autosomal recessive; heparan and dermatan sulfate effected; complete deficiency of iduronidase
2) Hunter’s: sex-linked recessive; heparan and dermata sulfate effected; deficiency in iduronate sulfatase
3) Sanfillipo: autosomal recessive; heparan sulfate effected; minor physical defect but severe mental retardation

Question 21

glucose

Answer 21

http://www.nutrientsreview.com/carbs/monosaccharides-glucose.html