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Module 2 > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

0
Q

What is the simplest ketose?

A

Dihydroxyacetone

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1
Q

What is the simplest aldose?

A

Glyceraldehyde

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2
Q

What are the building blocks of carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides

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3
Q

How many functional groups are found in Carbohydrates? Enumerate.

A

2 functional groups, either alcohol (polyhydroxy) and aldehyde or alcohol and ketone.

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4
Q

What type of bond joins monosaccharides together?

A

Glycosidic bond

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5
Q

Differentiate the structure of an aldehyde and a ketone.

A

Aldehyde is RCHO. Ketone is RCOR.

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6
Q

How are open chain monosaccharides best described?

A

Fischer Projection

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7
Q

The term ‘sugar’ is used for what specifically?

A

Monosaccharides and Disaccharides

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8
Q

Describe the structure of D-glucose with your hand.

A

lill

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9
Q

What are the symbols for dextrorotatory and levorotatory?

A

Dextrorotatory - d, (+)

Levorotatory - l, (-)

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10
Q

What are epimers?

A

Epimers are structures that differ only in configuration at 1 C atom.

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11
Q

D-glucose and D-mannose are epimers at what Carbon atom?

A

C2

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12
Q

D-glucose and D-galactose are epimers at what Carbon atom?

A

C4

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13
Q

What monosaccharides are functional isomers?

A

D-glucose and D-fructose are aldose-ketose pair.

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14
Q

What type of glucose occurs in nature? D-(+)-glucose or D-(-)-glucose?

A

D-(-)-glucose

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15
Q

In what form, do monosaccharides exist as open chains?

A

Crystalline form

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16
Q

Glucose in water, will react with itself, resulting in what formation?

A

Hemiacetal formation (the reaction of an alcohol with an aldehyde). The OH at C5 will react with C1.

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17
Q

How are cyclic structures of monosaccharides represented?

A

Haworth Projection

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18
Q

What is the cyclic structure name for aldohexoses?

A

Pyranose ring (6C)

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19
Q

A furanose ring is used for what type of monosaccharides?

A

Aldopentoses and Ketohexoses

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20
Q

Give an example of a aldopentose.

A

Ribose

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21
Q

Give an example of a ketohexose.

A

Fructose

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22
Q

What type of isomer is seen in Fischer Projection?

A

Epimers

23
Q

What type of isomer is seen in Haworth Projection?

A

Anomers

24
Q

What are anomers?

A

Anomers are isomers that differ only in configuration at C1.

25
Q

Differentiate α-anomer and β-anomer.

A 
α-anomer = OH - down
β-anomer = OH - up
26
Q

The mixture of an aldehyde and a ketone forms what type of sugars? Reducing or Non-reducing?

A

Reducing sugars

27
Q

The only non-reducing sugar.

A

Sucrose

28
Q

Monosaccharides of sucrose

A

Glucose and Fructose

29
Q

Monosaccharides of lactose

A

Glucose and Galactose

30
Q

Monosaccharides of maltose. Compare with cellubiose.

A

Maltose = 2 Glucose linked by α 1-4 ; Cellubiose = 2 Glucose linked by β 1-4

31
Q

Monosaccharides of cellubiose. Compare with maltose.

A

Cellubiose = 2 Glucose linked by β 1-4 ; Maltose = 2 Glucose linked by α 1-4

32
Q

Differentiate oligosaccharide and polysaccharide.

A

Oligosaccharide < 20 monosaccharides ; Polysaccharides > 20.

33
Q

Maltotriose is composed of what?

A

3 Glucose

34
Q

Give an example of an oligosaccharide.

A

Dextrin

35
Q

What is a homopolysaccharide?

A

A polysaccharide composed only of 1 type of monosaccharide.

36
Q

What is a glucan?

A

Glucans are polymers of glucose.

37
Q

What are the subunits of starch?

A

Amylose and Amylopectin

38
Q

Differentiate amylose and amylopectin. Describe their structure and solubility.

A

Amylose is linear, α 1-4, water insoluble

Amylopectin is α 1-4, α 1-6 (branching every 25-30 glucose units), water soluble

39
Q

What is the storage form of carbohydrates in animals and humans?

A

Glycogen

40
Q

Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose and Dextran are homopolysaccharides composed of what?

A

Glucose

41
Q

Describe the glycosidic bonds of glycogen.

A

Branched : α 1-4, α 1-6 every 8-12 glucose units

42
Q

Describe glycosidic bonds of cellulose.

A

Linear : β 1-4

43
Q

What anomer of amylase exist in humans?

A

α-amylase

44
Q

Chitin is composed of repeating units of what?

A

N-acetylglucosamine. Chitin serves as the exoskeleton of insects and crustaceans.

45
Q

Describe glycosidic bonds of dextran.

A

Branched
Linear at α 1-6
Branched at α 1-3

46
Q

What are heteropolysaccharides?

A

Polysaccharides composing of more than one type of monosaccharide.

47
Q

Building blocks of Heteropolysaccharides

A

Disaccharides

48
Q

Hyaluronic acid, Chodroitin SO4, Dermatan SO4, Keratan SO4, Agarose, Heparan and the Glycan in Peptidoglycan are examples of what?

A

Heteropolysaccharides

49
Q

Where is hyaluronic acid found?

A

Vitreous humor, Synovial fluids (as lubricant)

50
Q

Where is chondroitin SO4 found?

A

“Chondros” means cartilage. They are found in cartilages, synovial fluids and ligaments.

51
Q

Where is dermatan SO4 found?

A

Skin

52
Q

What is the best source of agarose?

A

Seaweeds

53
Q

What is the use of heparan SO4?

A

Anticoagulant

54
Q

Where is peptidoglycan found?

A

Cell wall of g (+) bacteria

55
Q

The glycan in peptidoglycan is composed of what monosaccharides?

A

N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid

Module 2 (3 decks)

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