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BMSC 200 > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

What are the physiological roles of carbohydrates?

A

-Energy production in cells
-Enery storage in cells
-Structural roles in cells
-Cellular roles in cells
-Cellular identity and cell-cell interaction or signaling
-Information transfer (DNA and RNA)

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2
Q

What are the two major classes of carbohydrates?

A

-Aldoses (which have an aldehyde group)
-Ketoses (which have a ketone group)

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3
Q

How do you designate a sugar as D or L?

A

-The chiral carbon most distant from the carbonyl atom (ketone or aldehyde)
-The designation of D or L is relative to the reference molecule (OH)

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4
Q

How can you determine the number of stereoisomers in monosaccharides?

A

-Molecules with n chiral centers will have 2^n stereoisomers
-4 chiral centers will have 16 isomers
-3 chiral centers will have 8 isomers

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5
Q

What are epimers?

A
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6
Q

How are hemiacetal and hemiketal cyclic structures formed?

A
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7
Q

What are anomers?

A
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8
Q

What are the configurations of anomeric carbons?

A
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9
Q

What are pyran and furan ring structure?

A
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10
Q

Describe the cyclization of glucose to glucopyranose

A
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11
Q

What is mutarotation?

A
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12
Q

Draw the structure of D-Ribose

A
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13
Q

Draw the structure of D-Deoxyribose

A
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14
Q

Draw the structure of D-Glucose

A
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15
Q

Draw the structure of D-Mannose

A
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16
Q

Draw the structure of D-Galactose

A
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17
Q

Draw the structure of D-Fructose

A
18
Q

What are the conformations of pyranoses?

A
19
Q

Explain the cyclization of D-Fructose to Fructofuranose

A
20
Q

Describe fructose in pyran and furan ring forms in solution

A
21
Q

Describe the relationship between Haworth and Chair conformation respresentations

A
22
Q

Why is glucose the most stable pyranose?

A
23
Q

Explain galastose in Haworth and Chair representations

A
24
Q

Explain Mannose in haworth and Chair representations

A
25
Q

Draw the structure of B-D-Acetylglucosamine (NAG or GlcNAc)

A
26
Q

What are reducing agents?

A
27
Q

What is the biological formation of disaccharides?

A
28
Q

What is the nomenclature of disaccharides?

A
29
Q

What is the naming guide for disaccharides?

A
30
Q

Explain the formation of Maltose disaccharide

A
31
Q

How do you draw glycosidic bonds with haworth diagrams?

A
32
Q

Describe the disaccharide Lactose

A
33
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A
34
Q

Describe energy storage in starch and glycogen

A
35
Q

Explain energy storage in Amylose and Amylopectin (starch)

A
36
Q

Explain energy storage in glycogen

A
36
Q

What are alpha-linkages in polysaccharides?

A
36
Q

What is the structure of chitin and cellulose?

A

Cellulose hase glucose at C2
Chitin has NAG at C2

37
Q

Explain the B(1-4) in chitin and cellulose

A
38
Q

What are glycolipids?

A

-Sugars can also be covalently linked to lipid molecules to form glycolipids that are found on the cell membrane
-A central function of glycolipids is in the blood group antigens
-Different patterns of sugars presented on the surface of cells by the glycolipids help the body to discriminate self from non-self
-Differences in the blood group antigens are critical for blood transfusions

39
Q

What are glycoproteins?

A

-Extracellular proteins with covalently attached sugars
-The protein constituent is the largest component by weight
-serve a variety of biological roles

40
Q

What are proteoglycans?

A

-Protein component is linked to a particular type of carbohydrate called glycosaminoglycan
-The carbohydrate constituent is the largest component by weight
-Often serve structural and lubricating functions in the extracellular matrix (ground substance)
-Extracellular space in tissues contains a gel-like material
-Ground substance holds cells together, provides a porous pathway for diffusion of nutrients/waste products and serves a cushioning function
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BMSC 200 (12 decks)

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