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Biology: 2.1.2 Biological Molecules > carbohydrates > Flashcards

carbohydrates Flashcards

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1
Q

what elements are found in carbohydrates

A

carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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2
Q

what are monosaccharides

A

monomers making up carbohydrates

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3
Q

what is a hexose sugar

A

contains 6 carbon atoms

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4
Q

what are examples of hexose sugars

A

glucose, galactose and fructose

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5
Q

describe the difference in structure between alpha and beta glucose

A

on carbon position 1, in alpha glucose the hydroxyl group is below the ring whereas in beta glucose it is above the ring

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6
Q

why is glucose a good respiratory substrate

A

its structure makes it soluble so it is easily transported, bonds contain high amount of energy which when broken are released

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7
Q

what is a pentose monosaccharide

A

5 carbon atoms

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8
Q

what are examples of pentose monosaccharides

A

deoxyribose and ribose

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9
Q

how are monosaccharides joined together

A

glycosidic bonds

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10
Q

what is a condensation reaction

A

two smaller molecules form a larger one releasing a molecule of water

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11
Q

what is a hydrolysis reaction

A

one larger molecule uses water to split into two smaller molecules

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12
Q

what is a disaccharide

A

two monosaccharides joined together

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13
Q

what do two alpha glucose molecules form

A

maltose

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14
Q

how is sucrose formed

A

alpha glucose and fructose

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15
Q

how is lactose formed

A

alpha or beta glucose with galactose

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16
Q

where do the glycosidic bonds form between monosaccharides

A

the hydroxyl group on carbon 1 and the hydroxyl group on carbon 4

17
Q

what is a polysaccharide

A

multiple monosaccharides joined together

18
Q

what is starch used for

A

main energy storage in plants, stores excess starch to be hydrolysed to glucose when needed

19
Q

what is the structure of starch

A

made of two polysaccharides, amylose and amylopectin

20
Q

why is the structure of amylose

A

long unbranched coiled chain

21
Q

how does amylose structure make it suitable for storing energy

A

coiled structure makes it compact so lots can be packed in a small space

22
Q

what bonds does amylose contain

A

1-4 glycosidic bonds

23
Q

is amylose made from alpha or beta glucose

A

alpha

24
Q

what is the structure of amylopectin

A

long, branched chain

25
Q

how does amylopectins structure make it suitable for storing energy

A

side branches allow enzymes to hydrolyse glycosidic bonds so glucose can be released rapidly

26
Q

what bonds does amylopectin contain

A

1-4 glycosidic bonds
1-6 glycosidic bonds

27
Q

is amylopectin made from alpha or beta glucose

A

alpha glucose

28
Q

why is it important that starch is insoluble

A

doesnt affect osmosis and water potential of cells

29
Q

what is the function of glycogen

A

main energy storage in animals

30
Q

what is the structure of glycogen

A

long, highly branched chain (more so than amylopectin)

31
Q

how does glycogens structure make it suitable for storing energy

A

side branches allow enzymes to hydrolyse glycosidic bonds so glucose can be released rapidly

32
Q

what bonds are in glycogen

A

1-4 glycosidic bonds
1-6 glycosidic bonds

33
Q

is glycogen made from alpha glucose or beta glucose

A

alpha glucose

34
Q

what is the function of cellulose

A

main component of plant cell walls

35
Q

what is the structure of cellulose

A

beta glucose monomers joined by straight 1-4 glycosidic bonds, where consecutive monomers are inverted 180 degrees

36
Q

how are cellulose chains linked together

A

linked by hydrogen bonds which form strong fibres called microfibrils

37
Q

why is the structure of cellulose important for the cell wall structure

A

strong microfibrils provide good structural support

Biology: 2.1.2 Biological Molecules (6 decks)

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